Quiz 2

Question 1

Clade

Answer 1

a branch on an evolutionary tree

Question 2

Phylogeny

Answer 2

The study of creating evolutionary trees

Question 3

Carolus Linneaus

Answer 3

Time: 1707-1778

given credit for creating the modern system of scientific nomenclature

Question 4

Describe the modern system of scientific nomenclature

Answer 4

-Two-part name called binomial
-The first part: genus, describes the group to which the organism belongs, always capitalized (first letter)
-Second part: species
Species epithet - applies to a single species within the genus

Question 5

Taxonomy

Answer 5

the science of classifying and naming organisms

Question 6

Taxon (plural:taxa)

Answer 6

generalized name for any taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy

Question 7

Species

Answer 7

• any group of closely related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  (prokaryotes don’t fit into this definition)
• The basic unit of taxonomy (and evolution)

Question 8

Populations

Answer 8

Members of the same species separated geographically into smaller groups are called populations

Question 9

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Answer 9

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 10

Robert Whittaker

Answer 10

Time - 1969

proposed a 5 kingdom system to distinguish organisms

Question 11

Carl Woese

Answer 11

Time - 1970
hypothesized that prokaryotes fall into DOMAIN Bacteria or Archaea, and eukaryotes fall into Domain Eukarya (3 domain system widely accepted today)

Question 12

Extant vs extinct

Answer 12

Extinct refers to a species that is no longer alive, extant means still alive

Question 13

Tips vs nodes of an evolutionary tree

Answer 13

Tips - represent different taxa (often species)

Nodes - represent a speciation event from the common ancestor that gave rise to those taxa

Question 14

Sister Taxa

Answer 14

Two descendants from the same node are called sister taxa

Question 15

Topology

Answer 15

the branching pattern of the tree, represents the estimated evolutionary relationship among species

Question 16

Morphology

Answer 16

the physical appearance of organisms

Question 17

Convergent Evolution

Answer 17

ex: wings of a butterfly and wings of a bird both allow for flight, but the evolutionary origins are very different, case in point, the similar environment causes a need for the function/structure

Question 18

Analogous features

Answer 18

Features that look and function similarly but come from different evolutionary origins

Question 19

Homologous features

Answer 19

• Characteristics that appear similar and result from common ancestry are termed homologous,
  Ex. All vertebrate animals have a vertebral column
• Accurate phylogeny and classification system is based on these structures

Question 20

Ingroup vs outgroup

Answer 20

group of organisms which you wish to estimate the evolutionary relationship of vs related to the others, but is assumed to have diverged from the rest earlier in the group’s evo history

Question 21

Character vs character states

Answer 21

hair, blue hair vs red hair

Question 22

Synapomorphies

Answer 22

shared derived traits