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Introduction to Sociology > Quiz > Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Sociology?

A

1) is a study of groups & societies that people create and how these in turn affect the people who create and maintain them.
2) The study of society, and human interaction/behavior (two or more people)

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2
Q

Our societies, and how they interact, affect us every day.

A

True

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3
Q

Sociology can be applied to almost any topic imaginable (ex: marriage, healthcare, rise of civilization).

A

True

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4
Q

What does sociology give students:

A

A firm grasp of social structures, and how to research, and understand them.

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5
Q

The two Mchan sociological departments’ specialized streams of study are:

A

Criminology (ex: youth crime, were humans born criminals or did we learn crime)
Family, youth, and diversity (ex: social inequality, minority relations, and why men make more money)

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6
Q

Sociology is the meeting place of the social sciences.

A

True

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7
Q

Modern Sociology:

A

A scientific study of human society, social organization, and social relations & interactions.

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8
Q

Sociology challenges the conditioned ideas about social behavior. (T/F)

A

True

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9
Q

What is the power of Sociology?

A

to demonstrate just how strong are the social forces that organize societies in very different ways.

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10
Q

“The fascination of sociology lies in the fact that its perspective makes us see in a new light the very world in which we have lived all our lives.”

A

Peter Berger, Invitation to Sociology
“The fascination of sociology lies in the fact

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11
Q

This reveals how society shapes our lives and can help people better understand their own experiences, problems & prospects.

A

Sociology

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12
Q

The sociological imagination allows us to…

A

1) to see many events that seem to concern only the individual, actually reflect larger issues

2) develops the ability to see the connection between private troubles and social problems/ issue.

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13
Q

What are troubles?

A

Troubles are private problems in an individual’s life

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14
Q

What are issues?

A

Issues affect large numbers of people and shape the context within which troubles arise.

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15
Q

What is sociological imagination?

A

1) An ability to see private experiences, personal difficulties, and achievements as, in part, a reflection of the structural arrangements of society and the times in which we live, helping us see that personal failings are often the result of social forces, i.e forces beyond the control of any individual.

2) It therefore permits them to put these failures/problems into perspective.

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16
Q

In “The Sociological Imagination,” Sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) writes:

A

“Consider unemployment. When, in a city of one hundred thousand, one man is unemployed, that is his personal trouble, and for its relief, we may properly look to the character of the man and his skills. But when in a nation of fifty million employees, fifteen million men are unemployed, that is an issue, and we may not hope to find its solution within the range of opportunities open to any one individual. The very structure of opportunities has collapsed.”(p. 9)

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17
Q

What is Talley’s Corner
(1967/2003)?

A

1) A unique study of low-income urban black men.

2) Differences in viewpoint between street corner men and middle-class men

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18
Q

How does Sociological imagination help?

A

-Essential for improved understanding of the social world

  • Examine Social forces, personal troubles and failures

-Expands imagination, opens new perspectives.

  • Creates an awareness & appreciation of cultural settings different from our own.

-Allow us to look at our daily lives anew.

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19
Q

Other disciplines of social science

A
  • Anthropology: study of human cultures
  • Psychology: analyses of human behavior
  • Political Science: study of politics.

-Economics: studies production, distribution and consumption of goods & services.

-Social Work: uses the social sciences to serve people in need.

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20
Q

IDEAS FOR Address To Humanity:

A
  • Fifteen global challenges facing humanity are…
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21
Q

Microsociologists Concentrate on…

A
  • particular interactions in specific situations as they occur in everyday life.
  • the meanings we attach to interactions, social actions.
  • how the social world affect us subjectively.
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22
Q

Macrosociologists concerned with…

A
  • larger patterns of relations among major social sectors(state & economy, international relations.)

-entire society as the unit of analysis.

-Comparisons across cultures/ over time.

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23
Q

Social change

A

The alteration of society over time.

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24
Q

Social interaction

A

A behavior between two or more people that is given a meaning, an elementary component of all relationships and groups that make up human society.
- Social interaction is a basic sociological concept

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25
Q

Social structure

A

There are regularities in the way we behave and in the relationships we
have with one other.

-An important concept in Sociology. Social contexts of our lives do not consist of just random assortments of events or actions but are structured.

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26
Q

Sociological Sub-Perspectives:

A

-Functionalism
-Interactionism
-Conflict

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27
Q

Fundamental beliefs:

A
  • All human beings are social - have to cooperate.
  • Human social behavior is learned, not instinctive.

-To understand human social behavior, we have to focus our attention on the groups to which people belong. (society)

-Sociology is a study of all the relationships in an individual’s life.

Sociology aims to understand the totality of human social relationships.

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28
Q

Common sense ideas:

A

seeing is believing. Based on assumption, assertions of fact.

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29
Q

Sociology:

A

what we believe, determines what we see. Based on evidence, arguments and proof.

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30
Q

Soloman Asch Experiment (1952)

A

A study of conformity, social pressure and perception

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31
Q

It takes sociological imagination to identify the connection between private troubles and public issues & to put personal problems into perspective. (T/F)

A

True

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32
Q

Different sociologists, working within different sub- perspectives, construct different theories about the nature of that world by using analogies. (T/F)

A

True

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33
Q

Acts:

A

the smallest unit of behaviour that makes sense.

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34
Q

Norms:

A

clusters of acts in a specific setting.

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35
Q

Roles:

A

clusters of norms specific to time, place and person.

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36
Q

Social Roles:

A

Ascribed roles and Achieved roles

-Some roles and role incumbents are defined as more valuable than others.

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37
Q

Ascribed roles:

A

are based on assignment, usually by age and gender, but also by other criteria, especially race, ethnicity, religion and birth.

38
Q

Achieved roles:

A

are earned. The actor in the role has demonstrated a special skill or aptitude for the task which the role describes.

39
Q

Social status:

A

position in society.
It defines how one acts toward the person, the
amount of deference that the incumbent can usually expect.

40
Q

As in social roles, statuses can be ascribed or achieved. (T/F)

A

True

41
Q

What is Theory?

A

a summary of existing knowledge that provides guidelines for -
- Conducting research
- Interpreting new information.

42
Q

What 3 basic elements is Theory composed

A

Assumption, Concepts and Propositions.

43
Q

The Four Revolutions

A

Political, Industrial, Social, and Ideological

44
Q

Roots of Sociology:

A

European and American

45
Q

Industrial Revolution/French Revolution

A
  • Key development was use of science instead of religion to understand the world.
46
Q

August Comte (1798-1857)

A
  • Coined the term Sociology.
  • Developed a scientific approach to society based on observation & reasoning.
47
Q

HARRIET MARTINEAU(1802 - 1876)

A
  • An English Sociologist; examined social class, religion, suicide, women’s status, criminology; and interrelations between institutions & individuals.
  • In 1851, translated Comte’s Cours de philosophie positive into English, facilitating the introduction of Positivism.
    -An ardent defender of women’s right.
48
Q

HERBERT SPENCER (1820 - 1903)

A

Introduced the first textbook of Sociology- ‘Principles of
Sociology’ - study of family, politics, religion, social stratification.

49
Q

Social Darwinism:

A

Spencer first introduced the term evolution - viewed society as constantly evolving from primitive to industrial and saw it analogous to a living organism.

  • People who cannot successfully compete in the industrial world are poorly adapted to their environment, and therefore are inferior specimens of humanity.
50
Q

Sociological Sub-Perspectives:

A
  • Functionalist theory
  • Conflict theory
  • Interactionist theory
51
Q

EMILE DURKHEIM:

A

Durkheim’s analysis of social change was based on the
development of Division of labour

-Mechanical Solidarity
-Organic solidarity

-Functionalist theorist????

52
Q

THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF SUICIDE - DURKHEIM(1897)

A
  • Durkheim challenged that suicide is a result of purely individual factors.
  • Proposed suicide as a social fact; a product of meaning, expectations and social arrangements that evolve as people interact with one another.
53
Q

TYPES OF SUICIDE

A
  • Egoistic Suicide
  • Altruistic Suicide
  • Anomic Suicide
54
Q

TALCOTT PARSONS(1902-1979)

A
  • Best known proponent of the Structural Functionalism theory.
  • Influential book-The Structure of social action, 1937. (took ideas from Durkheim, Weber, Marx…)

-Shifted American sociology towards theory building.

55
Q

Structural Functionalism(SF):

A

focuses on how various parts of the society fit together to maintain an equilibrium of the whole.

56
Q

BASIC QUESTIONS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

A
  • What functions do different parts of the system serve?
  • How are the parts connected to one another?
57
Q

Strengths of functionalist perspective:

A

ability to explain why various components of society exist (because they serve particular function) and persist (because they have particular consequences)

58
Q

Limitations of functionalist perspective:

A

does not explain adequately important processes such as social change(e.g. Sport), revolution, conflict, alienation, nor gives credit to individual behaviour, is conservative.

59
Q

ROBERT K. MERTON(1910-2003)

A
  • Suggested that all parts of a society may not be functional; some may actually be dysfunctional at some level.
  • Dysfunction is any consequence of a social system that hinders integration.
60
Q

Manifest Functions and Latent Functions:

A

ROBERT K. MERTON(1910-2003)

61
Q

latent functions:

A

(unintended) functions

62
Q

manifest functions:

A

(intended) functions

63
Q

Limitationsof Functionalist Theory:

A

Less likely to ask who benefits from a set of social patterns.

  • Attacked for its conservative bias, as it is concerned more with order, than with change.
64
Q

Conflict sociologists:

A

emphasize the role of conflict and unequal power in society.

  • inequalities promote conflict, which, in turn, generates social change.
    social patterns.
65
Q

CLASSICAL CONFLICT SOCIOLOGISTS:

A

KARL MARX and MAX WEBER

66
Q

KARL MARX

A
  • Interested to study the stresses and strains of society.

-His perspective is called Conflict Theory.

-Believed that true consensus doesn’t exist.

-Social order of society is determined by control exercised by dominant groups over subordinate groups through control of social institutions.

-Major Concept- Capitalism Class conflict

-When’s the Big Idea?
Capitalism is built on the exploitation of labouring groups for the profit of others. Class conflict is embedded in the system of capitalism that then shapes other social institutions.

67
Q

MAX WEBER

A
  • Major contribution: traced connections between religion and other institutions such as economy.

-Theorized that society had three dimensions: political, economic & cultural.

68
Q

RALF DAHRENDORF (1929- 2009)

A
  • Well known representative of modern conflict theory.

-Main focus – relationship between conflict, competition & inequality taking place among interest groups, such as management (1959, 1988)

69
Q

BRYAN TURNER

A
  • CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGIST
  • Maintenance of status also involves competition for scarce resources -prizes and honors. (1988)
  • Ideologies of fairness are challenged by realities of inequality, influence government to resolve them through politics & welfare benefits.
70
Q

ANTHONY GIDDENS

A
  • ## CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGIST
71
Q

Emile Durkheim is credited with…

A

conceptualizing society as a social system and with identifying social facts as patterns of behaviour that are external to the individual.

72
Q

Karl Marx showed…

A

how capitalism shaped the development of society.

73
Q

Max Weber sought…

A

to explain society through cultural, political, and economic factors.

74
Q

what does Conflict sociologists acknowledge?

A

Conflict sociologists acknowledge possibility of collaboration in meeting basic needs, even between groups whose interest clash.

75
Q

what does Functional sociologists acknowledge?

A

Functional sociologists acknowledge that different individuals/ groups within the society have different needs and desires and different views of society.

76
Q

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

A
  • A micro level theory that explains social life on the small group basis.

-First unit of analysis - interaction of individuals. Through their interactions, individuals create structures, which are symbolic structures.

77
Q

What does Symbolic interaction emphasize?

A

Symbolic interaction emphasizes the role of individuals in giving meaning to social behaviour, thereby creating society.

78
Q

What does Symbolic interaction examines?

A

Examines how individuals & groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through interaction with others.

-Social order exists as an aggregation of minute agreements about predictable behavior.

79
Q

What does Charles Horton Cooley’s phrased term- “Looking - glass self” mean?

A

Our identity/sense of self is based in large part on the reflection of ourselves we see in other people’s eyes- a “looking - glass self”. (micro theory)

80
Q

Who is the father of father of Symbolic Interactionism?

A

George Herbert Mead

81
Q

‘I’ and the ‘me’ are the terms central to the development of Symbolic Interactionism. The terms refer to the psychology of the person. (who is associated with this?)

A

George Herbert Mead

-Principal work: Mind, Self and Society

82
Q

HAROLD GARFINKEL

A

coined the term ETHNOMETHODOLOGY in 1954.

-How people make sense of their world, display this understanding to others, and produce the mutually shared social order in which they live.

-Ethno-particular socio- cultural group

-Metho-method, practice it employs in everyday activities;

-Ology- description of the method

83
Q

Metho-

A

method, practice it employs in everyday activities

84
Q

Ethno-

A

particular socio- cultural group

85
Q

Ology-

A

description of the method

86
Q

ERVING GOFFMAN

A

DRAMATURGY

87
Q

Dramaturgy –

A

study of the roles people play in order to create a particular impression on others.
(“The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” - 1959)

  • According to Goffman, Central theme of human interaction is impression formation, an attempt to present oneself to others in a particular way.
88
Q

Functionalism:

A

A conservative view of society that underplays power differences among and between groups.

89
Q

Conflict Theory:

A

Understates the degree of cohesion and stability in society.

90
Q

Symbolic Interaction:

A

There is little analysis of inequality and it overstates the subjective basis of society.

Introduction to Sociology (1 decks)

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