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protein metabolism > quiz > Flashcards

quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion of proteins begins in the _____

A
  • stomach
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2
Q

what are necessary for protein hydrolysis

A
  • pepsin
  • hcl
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3
Q

HYDROCHLORIC ACID - acid secreted by the ______

A
  • parietal cells
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4
Q

used to kill some bacteria, denature proteins, making them more susceptible to subsequent hyrolysis by the _____

A

proteases

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5
Q

used to kill some bacteria and to
denature proteins, making them more susceptible to subsequent hydrolysis by proteases

A

parietal cells

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6
Q

an acid-stable endopeptidase secreted by the ______

A
  • serous cells
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7
Q

as an inactive zymogen called _____

A
  • pepsinogen
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8
Q

that is activated by HCI or autocatalytically by other pepsin molecules.

A
  • pepsinogen
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9
Q

Pepsin breaks down and releases ______ and a few free amino acids from dietary proteins.

A

peptides

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10
Q

On entering the small intestines, large polypeptides produced in the stomach by the action of ______ are further cleaved into _____ and amino acids

A
  • pepsin
  • oligopeptide
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11
Q

TRYPSIN - secreted as _____ then activated by _________

A
  • trypsinogen
  • enteropeptidase
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12
Q

enteropeptidase an enzyme synthesized by the _________ otherwise known as enterokinase. It hydrolyzes the polypeptide chain from the carboxyl end of ______ and _______

A
  • intestinal mucosal cells
  • arginine and lysine
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13
Q

plays as the common activator of all pancreatic zymogens.

A
  • trypsin
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14
Q

CHYMOTRYPSIN - secreted as _____ and activated by _____ molecules.

A
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • trypsin
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15
Q

In chymotrypsin, It hydrolyzes the polypeptide chain from the carboxyl end of (5)

A
  • tyrosine
  • tryptophan
  • phenylalanine
  • met
  • leucine
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16
Q

____ secreted as proelastase and is activated by trypsin molecules. It hydrolyzes the polypeptide chain from the carboxyl end of ______, ____, _____

A
  • ELASTASe
  • alanine
  • serine
  • glycine
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17
Q

CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A - secreted as ______ and is activated by trypsin molecules. hydrolyzes the poly peptide chain from the carboxyl end of (4)

A
  • procarboxypeptidase A
  • ala
  • isoleucine
  • leucine
  • valine
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18
Q

CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B - hydrolyzes the polypeptide chain from the carboxyl end of arginine and lysine, similar to _____

A

myosin

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19
Q

______ - The luminal surface of the small intestines contains ________

A
  • internal digestion
  • aminopeptidase
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20
Q

an exopeptidase that repeatedly cleaves the N-terminal residue from oligopeptides to produce free amino acids and smaller peptides.

A
  • aminopeptidase
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21
Q

These amino acids are absorbed mainly in ______ through the portal circulation and slightly through the _____

A
  • small intestine
  • lymphatics
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22
Q

amino acids enter the cells by _____

A
  • active transport
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23
Q

maximum concentration in blood is attained range minutes after eating

A
  • 30 to 50 mins
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24
Q

amino acid nitrogen level is kept more or less constant between __ to ___ of blood plasma.

A
  • 4-8 mg per 100 ml
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25
Q

other name of nitrogen balance

A

equilibrium

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26
Q

occurs when protein intake is equal or about the same as the protein breakdown.

A
  • nitrogen balance
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27
Q

This condition is typified by young adults whose protein intake is just enough to replace the daily amount of protein used.

A

nitrogen balance

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28
Q

implies a net gain of protein in the body.

A
  • positive nitrogen balance
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29
Q

positive nitrogen balance - This is found whenever new tissues are being synthesized as in (3)

A
  • growth stage
  • convalescence
  • pregnancy
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30
Q

protein intake exceeds protein output

A
  • positive nitrogen balance
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31
Q

Implies greater protein utilization than protein intake, causing loss of protein from body

A
  • negative nitrogen balance
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32
Q

negative nitrogen balance examples: (4)

A
  • kwashiorkor disease
  • marasmus
  • lactation
  • albuminuria
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33
Q

Inadequate intake of proteins as in fasting, diarrhea and malnutrition disorders

A
  • kwashiorkor disease
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34
Q

type of malnutrition usually in children due to the inadequate intake of protein

A
  • kwashiorkor disease
35
Q

Increased catabolism of proteins as in fevers, infections and wasting diseases

36
Q

a gradual wasting away of the body, generally associated with severe malnutrition or inadequate absorption of protein and occurring mainly in young children

37
Q

increased loss of body proteins as in ___and ____

A
  • lactation
  • albuminuria
38
Q

Amino acids synthesize to form proteins that are important for the body’s maintenance to life and growth.

A
  • BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEW PROTEINS
39
Q

including enzymes and hormones. The amino acids pass into systemic blood to the
different organs and are used as building blocks

A
  • tissue PROTEINS
40
Q

like plasma albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen where the liver is the primary site for their biosynthesis

A
  • plasma protein
41
Q

is important for the optimal strusture and function of some important organs like liver, intestines and kidneys

A
  • labile protein
42
Q

The alpha-amino groups from amino acids are the precursors in the biosynthesis of (2) bases of the nucleotides, porphyrins, creatine, neurotransmitters and other nitrogenous compounds.

A
  • purine
  • pyrimidine
43
Q

The catabolism of amino acids follow varied metabolic pathways.

A
  • AMINO ACID CATABOLISM
44
Q

AMINO ACID CATABOLISM (3)

A
  • DECARBOXYLATION
  • transamination
  • OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
45
Q

enzyme in decarboxylation

A
  • decarboxylase
46
Q

refers to the removal of the carboxyl group of the amino acid for the formation of a physiologic active amine

A
  • decarboxylation
47
Q

refers to the removal of the amino group that begins with the transfer of this amino group to an amino group acceptor.

A
  • transamination
48
Q

usually ________ that eventually turns into glutamate

A
  • alpha-ketoglutarate (transamination)
49
Q

transamination is catalyzed by

A
  • transaminase
50
Q

After transamination, the amino acid tums into an _____

A
  • alpha - keto acid or a carbon skeleton
51
Q

It turns into acetyl-coA, pyruvate or other intermediates and is oxidized to produce biochemical energy (ATP) via the Kreb’s cycle with the release of (2)

A
  • carbon dioxide and water (transamination)
52
Q

it is converted into a carbohydrate or fat molecule

A
  • transamination
53
Q

It is reaminated to form amino acids

A
  • transamination
54
Q

this substance undergoes oxidative deamination to reform alpha-ketoglutarate and release

A
  • ammonia (NH3)
55
Q

once the amino groups have all been collected in the form of glutamate

A
  • OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
56
Q

once the amino groups have all been collected in the form of _______

57
Q

It is utilized for the synthesis of non-protein nitrogenous compounds

A
  • OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
58
Q

It enters the ornithine cycle for the formation of ______

59
Q

It is detoxified for the synthesis of ______

60
Q

3 processes of amino acid catabolism

A
  • decarboxylation
  • transamination
  • oxidative deamination
61
Q

refers to the removal of the carboxyl group of the amino acid for the formation of a physiologic active amine

A
  • decarboxylation
62
Q

refers to the removal of the amino group that begins with the transfer of this amino group to an amino group acceptor.

A
  • transamination
63
Q

usually ________ that eventually turns into glutamate.

A

alpha-ketoglutarate (transamination

64
Q

UPAC name for DOPA

A
  • (L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine)
65
Q

due to the absence of the enzyme of tyrosinase

66
Q

ALBINISM - due to the absence of the enzyme of

A
  • tyrosinase
67
Q

There is also abnormal pigmentation of cartilages, fibrous tissues and tendons, an abnormal condition known as

A
  • ochronosis
68
Q

When the urine containing homogentesic acid is exposed to the atmosphere turn to what color

A

black (due to oxidation)

69
Q

an iron containing enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of homogentisic acid to fumarate and acetate.

A
  • homogentisic acid oxygenase
70
Q

ALKAPTONURIA - due to the absence of

A
  • homogentisic acid oxygenase
71
Q

hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is not oxidized into

A
  • homogentesic acid
72
Q

the absence of hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase

A
  • TYROSINOSIS
73
Q

is instead converted into phenylpyruvic
acid which impairs normal development of child’s brain leading to mental retardation.

A
  • phenylalanine
74
Q

due to the absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxydase which converts phenylalanine to ______

75
Q

absence of the enzyme in PHENYLPYRUVIC OLIGOPHRENIA

A
  • phenylalanine hydroxydase
76
Q

other name of phenylketonuria

A
  • PHENYLPYRUVIC OLIGOPHRENIA
77
Q

These intermediates are substrates for gluconeogenesis and can give rise to the net formation of glycogen in liver and muscle.

A
  • Glucogenic amino acids
78
Q

one of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

79
Q

Glucogenic amino acids are amino acids whose catabolism yields _____

80
Q

only exclusively ketogenic amino acids found in proteins.

A
  • lysine
  • leucine
81
Q

are amino acids whose catabolism yields either acetoacetate or one of its precursors, acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA

A
  • Ketogenic amino acids
82
Q

The catabolism of the carbon skeletons converges to form ____ products, which is the basis of classifying amino acids based on the nature of their metabolic end products

83
Q

The catabolism of the 20 amino acids found in proteins involves the removal of alpha-amino groups followed by the breakdown of the resulting _____

A

carbon skeleton

84
Q

The catabolism of the 20 amino acids found in proteins involves the removal of _____ followed by the breakdown of the resulting

A
  • alpha-amino groups

protein metabolism (1 decks)

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