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Sociology - Unit 6: Mass Media > Quiz > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is new media?

A

refers to the screen based digital technology involving the integration of images, text and sound and to the technology used for the distribution and consumption

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2
Q

What is old media?

A

involves different devices for different media content like books, newspapers, radios and MP3 players etc

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3
Q

What are the 5 features of new media?

A
  • Technological convergence = one device can be used to access a wide variety of media e.g. phones
  • Interactivity =
    participatory culture = producers and consumers now interact with each other e.g. social media
    collective intelligence = build a shared or group intelligence that is greater than that of any individual
  • Hyper textuality = web of connections between different parts of media e.g. algorithm
  • Dispersal = less centralised and more adaptive to individual choice
  • Virtuality = immersions in virtual communities
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4
Q

Which sociologist wrote Global village?

A

McLuhan

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5
Q

Name 5 news values identified by Galtung and Ruge

A

unexpectedness, threshold, unambiguity, proximity, elite nations/people, personalisation, negativity, composition, continuity, narrative

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6
Q

What term do the Marxists use to describe institutions such as the media?

A

ideological state apparatus

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7
Q

Examples of new media

A

digital tv, smart phones, social media, internet, catch-up tv

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8
Q

Examples of old media

A

radio, books, magazines, cinema, sound recording

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9
Q

Which theory of media effect suggests that the audience are passive puppets of what they watch?

A

hypodermic syringe model

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10
Q

What was the Leveson Inquiry?

A

government enquiry into the hacking of mobile phones by the News of the World

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11
Q

What term is used to mean that the media determine what is significant in terms of the news?

A

Agenda Setting

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12
Q

What is meant by Cultural Homogenisation?

A

whole world becomes the same

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13
Q

Who first used the term symbolic annihilation in reference to women and the media?

A

Tuchman et al

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14
Q

What did Baudrillard mean by Simulcrum?

A

boundaries between reality and media become blurred

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15
Q

What term does Curren and Seaton use to describe those who are negative about new media?

A

Cultural Pessimists

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16
Q

What is meant by the term horizontal integration?

A

cross media ownership = companies owning lots of different types of media

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17
Q

Who argues that competition between media companies is healthy and creates a balanced range of media products?

A

pluralists

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18
Q

Name 3 stereotypes of children that are seen in the media

A

cute, consumers, little angels/devils, victims

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19
Q

Define the term mass media

A

forms of communication which reach a large audience

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20
Q

What term means 2 or more related businesses work together to e.g. promote and sell a film, toys etc. more effectively than they could individually

A

synergy

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21
Q

Identify 5 common representations of disability in the media according to Barnes

A

pathetic, object of violence, sinister, mysterious

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22
Q

Who talks about retributive masculinity?

A

Gauntlett

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23
Q

According to Gan, how do editors act as gatekeepers?

A

they decide what is new and what is not

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24
Q

What term means the uncritical over-reliance by journalists on ‘facts’ produced by government spin doctors and public relations experts?

A

churnalism

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25
Q

What terms means owning all stages in the production, distribution and consumption of a product?

A

vertical integration

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26
Q

What are the 3 filters before media affects the audience?

A

selective filter, selective perception, selective retention

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27
Q

Who linked the moral panic about gangsta-rap to gun crime?

A

Watson

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28
Q

Give 1 example of public broadcasting media

A

BBC

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29
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the Cult of feminity?

A

Furguson

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30
Q

What are the 4 main perspectives on media ownership?

A

Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Pluralist, Postmodernist

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31
Q

What term means including a limited number of minority group members only because it felt that this is expected?

A

tokenism

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32
Q

What are the 4 main functions the media performs for individual audiences according to Blumer and McQuail?

A

diversion, personal relationships, personal identity, surveillance

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33
Q

McQuail, Bulmer et al suggested that the media is consumed by people in what 4 ways?

A

to entertain, to understand, give a sense of identity and social solidarity

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34
Q

What is meant by popular culture?

A

cultural products liked and enjoyed by the mass of ordinary people. associated with mass culture

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35
Q

Identify 4 ways that the old are stereotypically represented in the media

A

grumpy, a burden, confused, second childhood

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36
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the idea of moral panics and folk devils created by the media?

A

Cohen

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37
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the concept of Churnalism?

A

Davies

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38
Q

What is the role of the BBFC?

A

to review films and video games and give age recommendations

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39
Q

What is the cult of feminity?

A

the promotion of a traditional ideal where excellence is achieved through caring for others, the family, marriage and appearance, Ferguson claimed that teenage girls’ magazines traditionally prepared girls for feminised adult roles

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40
Q

What are the 6 media affects models?

A

hypodermic syringe model, selective filter, two-step flow, uses and gratifications, cultural effects, reception analysis

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41
Q

What is the disinhibition effect?

A

effect of media violence where the audience believe that in some social situation’s violence is acceptable

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42
Q

Who is the owner of the News Corp media group?

A

Rupert Murdock

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43
Q

Name 3 stereotypes of teenagers that are seen in the media

A

sullen, criminal, overly sexualised, anti authority

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44
Q

Who are the digital underclass?

A

a group of people, mainly from lower class who are increasingly disadvantaged in comparison to those who have full access to the internet and other digital media

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45
Q

Give 1 criticism of the cultural effects model

A

impossible to measure, suggest audience passivity

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46
Q

Who talks about the w/c being demonised by the media in their book ‘Chavs’?

A

Owen Jones

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47
Q

In what way does Van Dijk suggest that black people are represented in the media?

A

as a threat to the majority of the population or as invisible

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48
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the two step flow model of media effects?

A

Katz and Lazarfield

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49
Q

What term do Curran and Seaton use to describe those who are positive about new media and its benefits?

A

neophiliacs

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50
Q

Who are the Glasgow University Media Group?

A

a group of academics who have carried out extensive research into television-based news coverage

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51
Q

What term means the belief that media owners will actively look to shape media content by controlling editors and journalists?

A

manipulative approach

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52
Q

Which theory of media effects suggests that the function of the media is to meet individual needs of each member of the audience?

A

user and gratifications model

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53
Q

What is meant by the fallacy of choice?

A

although we have more channels to choose from, we have the same thing on each channel

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54
Q

Give 2 impacts of globalisation on the media

A

newspapers are no longer limited by national boarders, advertising happens on a world-wide scale, westernisation of cultures, ownership of the media is no longer national

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55
Q

Who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

Bandura

56
Q

Which theory of media effects is associated with the Neo-Marxists?

A

cultural effects model

57
Q

Give 1 issue with researching media effect

A

artificial environments, ethical concerns with researching the effect of media violence, certain areas of media have not been researched in depth

58
Q

Symbolic Annihilation

A

women’s achievements are often not reported and are subordinated to their looks and sex appeal

59
Q

What does Easthope mean by hypermasculinity?

A

a variety of media, especially Hollywood and video-games, transmit the view that masculinity is based on strength, aggression, competition and violence, and therefore a goal for boys to achieve

60
Q

How does Winn refer to the media?

A

as a plug-in drug

61
Q

What is meant by media concentration?

A

that fewer and fewer companies are controlling and creating the media

62
Q

In what way does Newman suggest the media affects the audience?

A

in a gradual way

63
Q

What is meant by the term Polysemic?

A

media content attracts more than one type of reading interpretation

64
Q

Who suggests that the media is one of the most influential shapers of peoples lifestyles?

A

Strinati/Postmodernists

65
Q

What did Meehan conclude from his content analysis on female representation in the media?

A

women are respected in a very narrow range of social roles such as mothers and wives

66
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the term ‘Male Gaze’?

A

Mulvey

67
Q

What was Miliband’s view of the mass media?

A

mass media is a form of social control from the ruling class

68
Q

What does Curren suggest about the news media today?

A

that it is moving away from serious news stories and embracing more celebrity news

69
Q

Who suggests that in the modern world it is increasingly hard to be impartial in the media?

A

Zakir

70
Q

Name 2 sociologists associated with the propaganda model of the media

A

Herman and Chomsky or Edwards and Cromwell

71
Q

What did Neumann mean by convergence of the media?

A

the new media will allow previously separate forms of communication to interconnect

72
Q

What term means Domination by consent; process whereby minority ruling class ideology becomes common sense majority ideology?

A

hegemony

73
Q

What is a media conglomerate?

A

companies that own large numbers companies in various mass media

74
Q

Who are moral entrepeneurs?

A

people who use their own views of right and wrong to establish rules and label others as deviant

75
Q

What theory suggests that Western media and the technologies associated with it, dominate less developed nations and their cultures?

A

cultural imperialism

76
Q

What does Disneyfication mean?

A

process of dumbing down media content to attract audiences through entertainment

77
Q

What is another term for cross media ownership?

A

horizontal integration

78
Q

What is meant by desensitisation due to media?

A

the process by which through repeated exposure to media violence, people come to accept violent behaviour as normal

79
Q

What is the two-step flow model?

A

suggests media audiences are not directly influenced by the media but choose to adopt a particular opinion after negotiation and discussion with an opinion leader

80
Q

What is Pluralism in mass media?

A

mass media is defined by choice and competition, this choice creates better quality products, improves our culture and brings people together

81
Q

What is the name of the group of Neo-Marxists, headed by Adorno, who suggest that the media distracts and distorts reality, creating a false consciousness?

A

Frankfurt Group

82
Q

What did Marcuse mean by Commodity Fetishism?

A

the nation that our identities are now so entwined with what we buy, that we become obsessed with having more

83
Q

Who suggests that social networks e.g. twitter help to increase political awareness around the globe?

A

Murthy

84
Q

Who takes the theoretical stance that is optimistic about the spread and influence of New Media technologies?

A

neophiliacs

85
Q

What is meant by the term male gaze?

A

the gaze of the spectator is implicitly male and objectifies women on the screen

86
Q

Who suggested that the mass media helps to reinforce the cultural hegemony; western cultural values of hierarchy and consumerism?

A

Gramsci

87
Q

What are News Values?

A

the guidelines or criteria that determine the worth of a story

88
Q

Who refers to the superficial nature of popular media as candy floss culture?

A

Bernett and Seymour

89
Q

What term is used to mean ordinary untrained individuals who collect, report, and analyse news content, often through internet?

A

citizen journalists

90
Q

What is meant by high culture?

A

classical music, opera, ballet and other activities usually patronised by elite audiences

91
Q

Which theory of media effects suggests the media has a direct effect on our behaviour?

A

hypodermic syringe model

92
Q

How do the cultural pessimists view new media?

A

new media hinders society because it is dominated by conglomerates, over commercialised, reinforces elite power, decline in high culture and cultures imperialism

93
Q

Which theory of media effects suggests that audience members only allow certain media messages through?

A

selective filter model

94
Q

What is an ideological state apparatus?

A

agencies of the state which serve to spread dominant ideology and justify the power of the dominant social class

95
Q

What is meant by sensitisation by the media?

A

process of becoming more aware of the consequence of violence

96
Q

What is meant by convergence?

A

combining several different ways of presenting a variety of types of information

97
Q

Growth of new media

A
  • development of social networks where individuals can connect with one another: FB and Twitter
  • File sharing services: Dropbox, Google Drive
  • Blogs and vlogs: Youtube
  • Virtual communities: Reddit
98
Q

Traditional Mass Media

A
  • still exists but many have moved to digital platforms
  • E-readers, such as Kindle, enabled purchase and loan of books and magazines in digital formats
  • Newspapers and magazines producing online content, with some linked to subscriptions
99
Q

How does the new media differ?

A
  • new media is defined by the features that it offers the audience compared with traditional media
  • traditional media was unidimensional - it served one purpose and communicated through one format
  • new media have a greater range of features, that enable users to become more engaged in the message being presented
100
Q

Features of new media
(Technological Convergence)

A
  • new media allows individuals to perform a wide rage of activities on a single device e.g. mobile phone
  • Boyle (2005) = use of a single device allows individuals to pay their bills, connect with others, maps, take photographs etc
  • economic convergence also allows companies to come together to provide packages of info for individuals
101
Q

Features of new media
(Interactivity)

A
  • participatory culture = producers and consumers now interact with each other e.g. social media
  • collective intelligence = build a shared or group intelligence that is greater than that of any individual
  • nm increases the choice individuals have and the amount of info they expose themselves to
  • streaming services allow people increased choice
  • individuals have become producers as well as consumers due to growth of internet sites e.g. YouTube and TikTok
102
Q

Growth of new media

A
  • growth of usage of internet outside home and time spent doubled in ten years according to OFCOM
  • generational divide between those that access new media and those that do not
103
Q

The Digital Divide

A
  • digital natives = people born into the digital era - more likely to use new media than those born in age of traditional media
  • Boyle (2015) = new gen brought up in immersive interactive culture - immediate gratification for info, entertainment and news
  • divide exists for social class, gender and globally, creating a digital underclass
104
Q

The Digital Underclass

A
  • limited access to internet impacts on quality of life of those excluded
  • ability to pay bills, book tickets, make appointments and access services such as benefits is limited by access to internet
  • OFCOM survey in 2015 suggested just 54% of lower social classes have access to smart technologies, compared with 86% of all social classes
105
Q

Impacts of new media
(POSITIVE)

A
  • increased consumer choice = people have more option about how and when they access the media
  • growth of online commerce = impacting on the high street and local communities as people increasingly turn to online provision
  • social movements such as BLM and #MeToo examine injustices in society
106
Q

Impacts of new media
(NEGATIVE)

A
  • decline in the quality of cultural entertainment, quantity outputs quality
  • cheap programming to fulfil greater demand for content
  • lack of reliability sources = ‘fake news and Churnalism’ = misinformation and distrust
  • increased isolation of individuals = open to increased abuse, trolling
107
Q

Has the new media changed society?

A
  • accelerated features of modernity, such ad consumerism and individualism and moved towards postmodern age
  • distrust of experts and rejection of metanarratives increasing as people have increased sources of information
  • large media companies are still dominant and new tech giants (e.g. meta and google) have emerged as sources of media the can influence public opinion
108
Q

Who owns the new media?

A
  • ownership of the new media is diverse with smaller independent media companies competing with global conglomerates
  • new media platforms largely operated by tech giants that have grown
109
Q

Technology Giants

A
  • advent of NM has seen the rise of several technology giants
  • Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon all in top 50 companies for revenue
110
Q

Media conglomerates

A
  • traditional media sources have acquired or developed own media outlets
  • Disney - disney plus and hulu, gaming and apps
  • companies having wide variety of products besides the media e.g. Virgin owns holiday companies, phones, tv/broadband etc
111
Q

Acquisitions of New Media

A
  • many new media outlets start out as independents but are quickly acquired by large corporations
  • Sony acquired games developer Bungie for $3.6 billion in same year
112
Q

Impacts of ownership

A
  • despite claims, NM increasingly controlled by smaller range of companies
  • closure of services = e.g. Twitter and Facebook in Russia during Ukraine conflict (western propaganda)
  • Ban on Google, FB, YT in China
  • power of large corporations to control the market remains
113
Q

Who controls the new media?

A
  • global nature of NM means it is difficult for gov to regulate
  • Nm more diverse
114
Q

Controlling New Media

A
  • Keen (2008) argues that the global nature of NM means that it is difficult to regulate content
  • SM sites unable to monitor users’ posts and reliant upon reporting from public
  • Content generated globally, so no agreement on what is and what isn’t allowed in cyberspace
115
Q

Gov attempt at controlling media

A
  • Cyber Strategy in 2022 = including tackling threat of cyber crime through new media
116
Q

Cambridge Analytica

A
  • were a consulting firm used by Vote Leave campaign and Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential election campaign
  • Gained access to 87 million FB users’ data and targeted voters with ads and stories to try and influence votes
  • Facebook CEO and creator Mark Zuckerberg refused to answer questions from UK parliament in relation to data breach
117
Q

Views of NM

A

Curran and Seaton saw two distinct approaches to analysing the media:

  • Neophiliac view: positive view of the role and impacts of NM
  • Cultural pessimist view: critical view of NM and its impacts on society
118
Q

Cultural pessimist view

A
  • examines negative effects
  • sees NM as an evolution of existing media with control still largely maintained by elites
  • examines the impacts of NM and the expansion of unregulated capitalism, lack of censorship and misinformation
119
Q

Evaluation CP view

A
  • NM has led to many questioning the reliability of info that is provided e.g. fake news
  • NM has helped to hold those in power to account
  • NM can act as a form of release for individuals, whilst also encouraging creativity
  • Increasing surveillance
  • Undermining of human relationships and communications
120
Q

Neophiliac View

A

Positive view of the effects of the new media

  • Increased choice = how people receive and interact with it
  • Increased engagement = interactive nature of NM means people can express opinions, support causes and connect with others = #BLM and #MeToo
121
Q

Evaluation NP

A
  • negatives of increased interaction
  • lack of regulation leads to promotion of ideas and values that go against those of mainstream society
  • more informed consumers, wider choice, more user participation
  • greater democracy
  • more access to all kinds of information
122
Q

Marxists view

A

Instrumental or Manipulative Approach
- Owners of the media directly control the content of the media
- Capitalist classes use their cultural power to dominate institutions like education to transmit their ruling class ideology

123
Q

Ralph Milliband
(MARXISTS THEORISTS)

A
  • argued that media played an important role in promoting false class consciousness
  • media owners have similar ideas and political ideologies and they transmit these to their audiences by controlling content
  • passive audience that receives info as if it were fact
  • role of the media is to shape how we think abut the world
  • audiences are rarely informed about important issues like inequality, or why poverty persists
  • ‘bread and circus’ = what you need to run a harmonious society
124
Q

Reinforcing dominant ideologies
(Marxism)

A
  • media owners decide content that will be broadcast or published
  • important social issues such as inequality are ignored or presented without a human face e.g. stats
125
Q

Curran (2003)
(MARXISTS THEORISTS)

A
  • evidence of media owners involvement in the day to day affairs of media production
  • relationships between politicians and owners and editors - Blair courted Rupert Murdoch for support
126
Q

Iraq War

A
  • topping of statute
  • people were manipulated on the premise of Iraq having weapons of mass destruction

Evidence:
- as well as the bias news reporting of the Iraq aftermath, Curran and Seaton found 175 newspapers carried the same message

127
Q

Neo-Marxist View

A

By product of background, media content does support the interests of those who run the capitalist system

128
Q

Sutton Trust

A

54% of journalists are privately educated, male, white, m/c

129
Q

Hegemony
Gramsci

A

rule by consent, we are persuaded to believe the dominant ideology and therefore allow those in power to rule over us

130
Q

2008 Banking Crisis

A

Philo found that the media coverage of the global banking crisis was focused on the views and solutions offered by the main political parties and bankers themselves

131
Q

Criticisms of Hegemonic Marxist View

A
  • underrates the power and influence of the owners
  • agenda setting and gatekeeping have little real choice as programmes are produced within a framework of the dominant ideology = direct manipulation
  • pluralists would suggest that the rise of the new globalised digital media has put control in the hands of the media users
132
Q

Postmodern View

A
  • argue that society has undergone a process of media saturation = too many providers and sources of media
  • impossible in postmodern society for individuals to control all the media output, technological advances = gap between producers and audience have eroded
  • people are exposed to media messages and are unable to process all of the information and so become selective in their media choices
133
Q

How is ownership affected?
(Postmodern)

A
  • range of cultural and political views in society
  • audience is able to choose what media sources they engage with and this gives them power
  • Levene argues that the ownership of media is more fluid than in previous gen and people can reject any manipulation of media from owners
134
Q

Baudrillard
(Postmodern)

A
  • media saturation has led to people being unable to distinguish between reality and hyperreality
  • decisions taken by the media publishers and creators have built a false narrative of what society is today
  • audiences are so immersed in the media, they can find it difficult to distinguish between real life and the media version of reality, this is ‘hyper-reality’
135
Q

Evaluation of Postmodern

A
  • NM sources are increasingly controlled by few companies
  • Diversity of media creates a ‘zombie generation’ of consumers
136
Q
A

Sociology - Unit 6: Mass Media (2 decks)

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