Quiz Flashcards
Stages of Medico-Legal Investigation
- Crime Scene Investigation
- Autopsy
conduct of processes, more particularly, the
recognition, handling, preservation and documentation of
physical evidence to include the identification and interview of
witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene
Crime scene investigation
place where the essential
ingredients of the criminal act took place
Crime scene
The area is blocked out in the form of a
rectangle. The searcher proceeds slowly at the same pace
along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle
Strip method
This search is a
modification of the strip search method. The searchers will
traverse first parallel to the base and then parallel to the
side.
Double Strip or Grid Method
The searchers follow each other in the path
in the spiral manner beginning from the center towards the
outside or vice versa.
Spiral method
The searchers gather at the center
and proceed outwards along radii or spokes.
Wheel/ray method
Whole area is divided into subdivisions or
quadrants and search is made in the individual quadrants.
Zone method
comprehensive study of a dead body,
performed by a trained physician employing recognized
dissection procedure and techniques
Autopsy
Kinds of Autopsy
a. Hospital or Non-official Autopsy
b. Medico-legal or Official Autopsy
When shall an Autopsy be Performed on a Dead Body
a. Whenever required by special laws;
b. Upon order of a competent court, a mayor and a provincial or
city fiscal;
c. Upon written request of police authorities;
Persons who are Authorized to Perform Autopsies and Dissections
The following are authorized to perform autopsies and dissections
a. Health Officers
b. Medical officers of law enforcement agencies; and
c. Members of the medical staff of accredited hospitals.
after all efforts,
including gross and microscopic studies and toxicological
analyses, fail to reveal a cause of death
Negative autopsy
no cause of death is found on
account of imprudence, negligence, lack of skill or lack of
foresight of the examiner
Negligence autopsy
Animal
bites, injection marks, electrical necrosis may be overlooked in a
hasty external examination.
Failure to make a thorough external examination
Condition
of the organs, presence of air in pneumothorax or bubbles of air
in the circulatory system may remain unnoticed by the
pathologist.
Inadequate or improper internal examinations
Tissue blocks may not be
taken in the proper areas, poor preparation of the microscopic
slides and improper lighting during the process of examination
may lead to an erroneous interpretati
. Improper histological examination
qualitative
and quantitative determination of toxic materials or its
metabolites must be shown
. Lack of toxicological or other laboratory aids
The examiner must have had
vast experience in autopsy investigation and must have the
capacity to distinguish pathological changes in the body tissues
Pathologist incompetence
injury, disease or the
combination of both injury and disease responsible for initiating
the trend or physiological disturbance, brief or prolonged, which
produce the fatal termination. It may be immediate or proximate
Cause of death
explanation as to how the cause of
death came intobeing or how the cause of death arose
Manner of death
This applies to cases when trauma or disease kill quickly
that there is no opportunity for sequelae or complications to
develop.
Immediate (Primary) Cause of Death
An extensive brain laceration as a result of a vehicular
accident is an example of immediate cause of death.
Immediate (Primary) Cause of Death
The injury or disease was survived for a sufficiently
prolonged interval which permitted the development of serious
sequelae which actually caused the death. If a stab wound in the
abdomen later caused generalized peritonitis, then peritonitis is
the proximate cause of death.
The Proximate (Secondary) Cause of Death
This is death caused by a natural disease condition in the body. The disease may develop spontaneously, or it might have
been a consequence of physical injury inflicted prior to its
development. If a natural disease developed without the
intervention of the felonious acts of another person, no one can
be held responsible for the death
Natural death
Violent deaths are those due to injuries inflicted in the
body by some forms of outside force. The physical injury must be
the proximate cause of death.
Violent death
(1) That the victim at the time the physical injuries were inflicted
was in normal health.
(2) That the death may be expected from
physical injuries inflicted.
(3) That death ensued within a reasonable time
Violent death elements
Death due to misadventure or accident. An accident is
something that happens outside the sway of our will, and
although it comes about through some act of will, lies beyond
bounds of human foreseeable consequences.
Accidental death
exempted from criminal liability
(a) A person is performing a lawful act
(b) He performed it with due care
(c) He caused injury to another by mere accident
(d) He is without fault and with no intention of causing it
Death due to reckless imprudence, negligence, lack of skill or
lack of foresight
Negligent death
death occurred due
to the recklessness of someone, he may be charge of?
Homicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s own death.
Suicidal death
any person who shall assist another to commit suicide
shall suffer the penalty of?
Prision mayor
such person lends his
assistance to another to the extent of doing the killing himself, he
shall suffer the penalty of?
Reclusion temporal
practice of painlessly putting to
death a person suffering from some incurable disease
Euthanasia or mercy killing
Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child,
whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants or
descendants, or his spouse, shall be of?
Parricidal death
Infanticide is the killing of a child less than 3 days old
Infanticidal Death
If the offender is the father, mother or legitimate
ascendant, the crime is?
Infanticide
Victim that is not yet viable
Abortion
Victim that is viable
Infanticide
Any person who, not falling within the provisions of
Article 246 shall kill another, shall be guilty of murder and shall
be punished by reclusion temporal in its maximum period to
death, if committed with any of the following attendant
Murder
Scoffing or outraging includes
(i) dismembering the corpse by cutting off the head
(ii) urinating on it
(iii) putting it on a sack and throwing the sack in a garbage
pit
(iv) stripping if off the clothes
Any person who, not falling within the provisions of
article 246 shall kill another without the attendance of any of the
circumstances enumerated in the provision of Art. 248 or
Revised Penal Code (Murder), shall be deemed guilty of homicide
and be punished by reclusion temporal
Homicidal death/homicide
Elements of homicide
a) That a person was killed
(b) That the accused killed him without any justifying
circumstances.
(c) There is the intention on the part of the offender to kill the
victim and such presumption can be inferred from the death of
the victim
(d) That the killing does not fall under the definition of the crime of
murder, parricide or infanticide.
Tumultuous affray exists hen at least?
4 persons
Any legally married person who, having surprised his
spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another
person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or
immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious
physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro.
Death or physical injury inflicted under excemptional circumstances
If death or serious physical injuries resulted, the accused
will be imposed the penalty of?
Destierro
Modern methods in the execution of death sentences have
abandoned inhuman, cruel and barbarous means. Executions by
garroting, decapitation by means ofthe guillotine and by drowning
which were common during the medieval days are no longer
practiced. The statutes of all countries state the legal procedure
for the execution of death penalties. The constitution, like that of
the Philippines, imposes certain limitations to the law-making
Judicial death
A person is made to sit on a chair made of electrical
conducting materials with straps of electrodes on both wrists,
ankles, and head. An alternating current voltage of more than
1,500 volts is put on until the convict dies
Death by electrocution
The convict is made to stand in an elevated collapsible
flatform with a black hood on the head, a noose made of rope
around the neck and the other end of which is fixed in an elevated
structure above the head. Without the knowledge of the convict,
the flatform suddenly collapses which causes the sudden
suspension of the body and tightening of the noose around the
neck. Death may be due to asphyxia or injury of the cervical
portion of the spinal cord.
Death by hanging
Execution by firing squad by the used of fire arm. Capital punishment common in military in world war.
Death by musketry
The convict is enclosed in a compartment and an
obnoxious or asphyxiating gas is introduced. The most common
gas used is carbon monoxide. The convict will not be removed
from the gas chamber unless he is pronounced dead by the
penitentiary physician.
Death by gas chamber
above-mentioned Judicial Deaths are no longer
applicable in the Philippines since the imposition of Death penalty
was already abolished by Republic Act No?
9346
Intentional or deliberate application of
the means to shorten the life of a person. It may be done with or
without the consent or knowledge of the person. Active
euthanasia on demand is the putting to death of a person in
compliance with the wishes of the person (patient) to shorten his
sufferings
Active Euthanasia
There is absence of the application of
the means to accelerate death but the natural course of the
disease is allowed to have its way to extinguish the life of a
person. Consequently, the concept of orthothanasia and
dysthanasia was adopted.
Passive euthanasia
When an incurably ill person is allowed to
die a natural death without the application of any operation or
treatment procedure.
Orthothanasia
When there is an attempt to extend the life
span of a person by the use of extraordinary treatments without
which the patient would have died earlier.
Dysthanasia
It is the deprivation of a regular and constant supply of
food and water.
Death from starvation
It happens when the necessary food has been suddenly and
completely withheld from a person.
Acute starvation
It happens when there is a gradual or deficient supply of
food.
Chronic starvation
the impairment of the body structure or
function caused by the outside force. It is the effect of some form
of stimulus to the body. The effect of the application of force is
the production of woun
Injury
It is a break or the dissolution in the continuity of the skin
or tissues of the living body.
Wound
Wound which when inflicted is capable of causing death
immediately after infliction or shortly thereafter.
Mortal/fatal would
Wound when inflicted will not endangers one’s life
Non-Mortal/Non-Fatal Wound
an injury in the substance of the skin,
discoloration of the surface due to extravasation of blood. This
is due to the application of a blunt instrument
Contusion wound
this is the extravasation of blood in the
newly formed cavity. This is due to the application of a blunt
instrument.
Hematoma wound
tearing of the skin due to forcible contact of
blunt instrument.
Lacerated wound
wound produced on the body by sharp edge
instrument.
Incised wound
wound produced on the body by sharppointed instrument
Punctured wound
wound brought about by change of atmospheric
pressure
Barotrauma
wound brought about by heat or
cold
Frostbite, burns or scald
wound brought about by
chemical explosion
Gunshot or shrapnel wound
layers of skin torn off completely or only flap of skin
remains
Avulsion
wound characterized by the removal of the
superficial layer of the skin brought by friction against a hard,
rough object.
Abrasion
wound which involves the outer layer of
the skin
Superficial wound
wound involves the inner structure beyond the
layers of the skin.
Deep wound
one in which the wounding
agent enters the body but did not come out or the
mere piercing of a solid organ or tissue of the body.
Penetrating wound
When the wounding agent
produces communication between the inner and
outer portion of the hollow organs
Perforating wound
Physical injury which is located at the site
of the application of force.
Coup injury
Physical injury found opposite the
site of the application force.
Contre coup injury
Physical injury located at
the site and also opposite the site of application of force.
Coup Contre-Coup Injury
Physical injury located
not at the site nor opposite the site of the application of
force but in some areas offering the least resistance to
the force applied.
Locus minoris resistencia
Physical injury involving a greater area
of the body beyond the site of the application of force. It has
not only the wide area of injury but also the varied types of
injury.
Extensive injury
Wound which is the result of a
person’s instinctive reaction of self-protection.
Injuries suffered by a person to avoid or repel
potential injury contemplated by the aggressor.
Defense wound
wound produced by the shape of
the instrument or object reflected in the body
Patterned wound
self-inflicted wound is a
wound produced on oneself. As distinguished from
suicide, the person has no intention to end his life
Self inflicted wound
condition of a female who has not
experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organs have
not been altered by carnal connection.
Virginity
The state of not knowing the nature of sexual life and not
having experienced sexual relation. Moral virginity applies to
children below the age of puberty and whose sex organs and
secondary sex characters are not yet developed.
Moral virginity
condition whereby a woman is conscious of the nature
of the sexual life but has not experienced sexual intercourse. The
term applies to women who have reached sexual maturity but
have not experienced sexual intercourse.
Physical virginity
A condition wherein the hymen is intact with the edges
distinct and regular and the opening small to barely admit the tip
of the smallest finger of the examiner
True physical virginity
condition wherein the hymen is unruptured, but the
orifice is wide and elastic to admit two or more fingers of the
examiner with a lesser degree of resistance. The hymen may be
laxed and distensible and may have previous sexual relation
False physical virginity
This term refers to a condition of a woman who permits
any form of sexual liberties as long as they abstain from rupturing
the hymen by sexual act
Demi virginity
This is not actually virginity because the woman had one
or more sexual intercourse with another man but had not borne
a child yet.
Virgo intacta
Defloration is the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a
result of sexual intercourse
Defloration
Sexual desire towards the opposite sex. This is a normal
sexual behavior, socially and medically acceptable
Heterosexual
Sexual desire towards the same sex.
Homosexual
Sexual desire towards an immature person
Infantosexual
form of sexual perversion wherein a person has the
compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of
either sex. Children of various ages participate in sexual
activities, like fellatio, cunnilingus, fondling with sex organs,
or anal sexual intercourse. Usually committed by a
homosexual, between a man and a boy the latter being a
passive partner
Pedophilia
Sexual desire towards animals.
Bestosexual
It is a form of “self-abuse” or “solitary vice” carried without
the cooperation of another person.
Auto sexual
The person deliberately resorts to some mechanical
means of producing sexual excitement with or without orgasm
Conscious type
Sexual desire with elder person
Gerontophilia
sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or
actual sexual intercourse with a corpse.
Necrophilia
Sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry
Incest
Excessive sexual desire of men to
intercourse.
Satyriasis
Strong sexual feeling of women.
They are commonly called “hot” or “fighter”. Both
satyriasis and nymphomania are general expression
of compulsive neurosis.
Nymphomania
Absence of sexual desire or arousal
during sexual act in women.
Sexual anethesia
Painful sexual act in women
Dyspareunia
Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual
act
Vaginisimus
Weakening of sexual feeling in the elderly
Old age
The use of the mouth as a way of sexual gratification
Oralism
The female agent receives the
penis of a man into her mouth and by friction with the
lips and tongue coupled with the act of sucking
initiates orgasm.
Fellatio (Irrumation
Sexual gratification is attained by licking
or sucking the external female genitalia
Cunnilingus
form of sexual perversion
wherein a person derives excitement by licking the
anus of another person of either sex
Anilism (anilingus)
Pain or cruel act as a factor for gratification
Sado-masochism (Algolagnia)
sexual deviation associated specifically
with the act of whipping or being whipped.
Flagellation
form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain on another is necessary or
sometimes the sole factor in sexual enjoyment.
Sadism
The pain and
humiliation from the opposite sex is the primary factor
for sexual gratification.
Masochism
form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasied
presence of an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual
stimulation and/or gratification
Fetishism
Where particular portions of the anatomy,
such as the breasts, or buttocks are the target of interest
for sexual stimulation.
Anatomic
The deviate may have interest centered on
shoes, handkerchief, undergarments, either on a sexual
partner or stolen from a neighborhood washline.
Clothing
The deviate has the desire to be near a
dead body and may or may not violate the dead person
for sexual gratification
Necrophilic
Fetish whose stimulus is
pleasant odor or foul odor for sexual stimulation or
gratification
Odor
sexual deviation whereby a person has
sexual desire for statues.
Pygmalionism
Sexual desire with mannikins
Mannikinism
person has extreme admiration and love
of one’s self. Sexual gratification is attained by looking at
the mirror and appreciating his or her own self.
Narcissism
The marked dislike for things, like
eyeglasses, beard, haircut, as the sole stimulus for
gratification.
Negative fetish
deviate does damage while he gets
Like cutting clothes
Saboteur fetish
Deviate derives sexual pleasure from
setting fire
Incendiarism
Deviate attains sexual stimulation or
gratification at the sight of blood.
Vampirism
Sexual act through the anus of another human being
Sodomy
Sexual gratification attained by fingering, fondling with
the breast, licking parts of the body
Uranism
form of sexual gratification characterized by the
compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ against
some parts of the body of another. They generally achieve
their erotic gratification by rubbing or pressing their organs
against the buttocks of women in crowded subways, buses,
theaters, or streetcars. The frotteur often pretends that the
rubbing is accidental.
Frottage
form of sexual deviation wherein a person has
special affinity to certain parts of the female body. Sexual
libido may develop in the breast, buttock, foot, legs, etc. of
women. Usually, sexual intercourse is merely secondary to
satisfy the sexual desire.
Partialism
form of sexual perversion characterized by a
compulsion to peep to see persons undress or perform other
personal activities. The offender is sometimes called “Peeping
Tom”. Usually after peeping, he masturbate in excess.
Voyeurism
perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by
watching couple undress or during their sex intimacies
Macoscopia
form of sexual perversion in which three persons are
participating in the sexual orgies. The combination may
consist of two men and a woman or two women and a man.
The usual activity may be fellatio, kissing the buttock, sucking
the breast, a “suixante-neuf” (sixty-nine) arrangement, or
coitus combined with other sexual practices. Sexual
gratification is attained in the “eternal triangle”.
Troilism
form of sexual deviation in which a group of person
participate in the sexual orgies. Two or more couples may
perform sexual act in a room and they may even agree to
exchange partners for “variety sake” during the “sexual festival
Pluralism
form of sexual deviation characterized by the need
to use obscene language to obtain sexual gratification.
Sometimes they go beyond uttering profane words by making
Coprolalia
The term applied by psychiatrists to describe a form
of sexual deviation characterized by promiscuity and making
seduction of many women as a part of his. career. The pervert
cannot find anyone to be a permanent companion
Don juanism
This is the willful exposure in public places of one’s
genital organ in the presence of other persons, usually of the
opposite sex. Usually, the exhibitionist is naked.
Indecent exposure
