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My Cardiac Physiology > Quiz 10 > Flashcards

Quiz 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which sympathetic nerve receptor predominantly causes vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1

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2
Q

Which sympathetic nerve receptor predominantly causes increased contractility?

A

Beta 1

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3
Q

Definition: conduction velocity

A

Dromotropy

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4
Q

Sympathetic does what?

A
  • inhibits bladder contraction
  • Inhibits salivation
  • Inhibits paristalsis
  • stimulates glucose
  • secretion of adrenaline/noradrenaline
  • stimulates orgasm
  • accelerates HR
  • Relaxes bronchi
  • Dilate pupils
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5
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system primarily stimulate or inhibit the heart?

A

stimulates

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6
Q

What is the “second messenger” that is involved with sympathetic stimulation of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

Know Adenylyl converts ATP to cAMP (second Messenger) – activates protein Kinase A

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7
Q

Which catecholamine does the adrenal gland predominantly release with sympathetic stimulation?

A 
Mostly epinephrine (80%)
lesser amount norepinephrine (20%)
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8
Q

What is the Baroreceptor Reflex? Where are the receptors for this reflex located?

A
  • Reflex responsible for rapid changes in BP

- Carotid sinus

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9
Q

How does the Baroreceptor Reflex help with blood pressure regulation?

A

Increases or decreases:

  • HR
  • Contractility
  • SVR
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10
Q

During what surgery does Baroreceptor Reflex activation frequently cause hemodynamic changes?

A

Carotid Endarterectomy

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11
Q

What is the Bainbridge Reflex? Where are the receptors for this reflex located?

A

Low pressure sensors that respond to STRETCH - located in pulmonary vein and vena cava

Ex: fluid bolus given to dog increases heart rate

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12
Q

In addition to receptor activation what also contributes to the heart rate changes seen with the Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Stretch of heart and Stretch of SA node

Baroreceptor reflex often change heart rate in opposite direction of baseline (slow to fast, or fast to slow)

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13
Q

The Baroreceptor Reflex responds to changes in arterial blood pressure or to changes in blood volume?

A

Changes in arterial blood pressure

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14
Q

The Bainbridge Reflex responds to changes in arterial blood pressure or to changes in blood volume?

A

Blood Volume (stretch)

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15
Q

What are some of the effects of Atrial Stretch Receptor activation?

A
  • Decreased sympathetic kidney activity –> increased UOP
  • Decreased ADH (vasopressin) –> increased UOP & decreased water reabsorption
  • Increased Atrial Natriuretic Peptide –> increase natriuretic UOP and decreased BP
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16
Q

What is the Bezold-Jarisch Reflex?

A

Strong contraction of an under-filled ventricle elicits the reflex, plays a role in blood pressure regulation, results in decreased BP and decreased HR

(could lead to vasovagal syncope or cardiac arrest during spinal)

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17
Q

What is the CNS ischemic response?

A

Result of decreased blood flow to vasomotor center in medulla:
-increases local concentration of CO2 results in SNS stimulation in medulla, which increases BP

18
Q

What is the Cushing Response?

A

Special type of CNS ischemic response, a result of increased ICP, results in increased BP until blood flows

19
Q

What is Cushing’s Triad?

A
  • Increase ICP
  • Increase HTN
  • Bradycardia
20
Q

What cardiovascular changes are mediated by stimulation of the Peripheral Chemoreceptors? Where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?

A

-Increased
SVR
CO
MAP

-Aortic and Carotid bodies

21
Q

What is the Diving Reflex? Where are the receptors for this reflex located?

A
  • Cold water on face activates thermoreceptors, decreases HR and peripheral vasoconstriction causes reduced O2 consumption by the body and myocardium
  • Facial thermoreceptors
22
Q

Vasopressin is released from which part of the brain? What are the effects of vasopressin on blood pressure? What are the effects of vasopressin on the kidney?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Increases BP
  • Renal Fluid Reabsorption= increases blood volume
23
Q

What is the stimulus for release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide? What are the effects of ANP on blood pressure? Blood volume?

A

Atrial Distension
Sympathetic Stimulation
Angiotensin II
Endothelin

decreases BP by decreasing blood volume

24
Q

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

A

Renin

25
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

26
Q

What effects does angiotensin II have on blood pressure? Blood volume? Adrenal cortex?

A
  • Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction which leads to increased arterial blood pressure. Angiotensin II and Aldosterone promote sodium and fluid retention which leads to increased blood volume
  • Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone
27
Q

What are the INDIRECT effects of hypoxia on the circulatory system? What are the DIRECT effects?

A 
-Moderate Hypoxia
(Indirect Effects) 
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation 
Increased HR 
Increased CO 
Increased Contractility

-Severe Hypoxia
(Severe Effects)
Depressed Myocardial Contractility

28
Q

What are the INDIRECT effects of hypercarbia on the circulatory system? What are the DIRECT effects?

A

Indirect- SNS activation, Increased HR, CO, Contractility

Direct= Depressed Myocardial Contractility

29
Q

What is the “Fight or Flight” response?

A

Mass discharge of the Sympathetic Nervous System occurs during the “Alarm” or “Stress” response

30
Q

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Muscarinic (only parasympathetic)

Nicotinic (both Para and sympathetic)

31
Q

What are the differences between the innervation of the heart by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

Parasympathetic:

  • negative effects on chrono/ino/dromotroy, resistance vessels
  • zero effect on capacitance vessels

Sympathetic:
- Positive effects on chrono/ino/dromotropy, and resistance and capacitance vessels

32
Q

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic nervous input to the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve

33
Q

What amino acid is the precursor for catecholamine synthesis?

A

tyrosine

34
Q

Binding of norepinephrine to which adrenergic receptor causes inhibition of neurotransmitter release?

A

alpha 2 receptors on nerver terminal

35
Q

In which part of the brainstem is the vasomotor center located?

A

in the medulla and in the lower third of the pons

36
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at the junction between the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers? Between the post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and the effector site? Between the pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and the adrenal medullae?

A
  • Acetylcholine/nicotine
  • Norepi/Epi
  • Norepi/Epi
37
Q

Blood vessels (except for capillaries) have predominantly sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system innervation?

A

Sympathetic (norepi via Alpha 1 receptors)

38
Q

relaxation - active, not passive process

A

lusitropy.

39
Q

Parasympathetic does what?

A
  • Constricts Pupils
  • Contracts bladder
  • Constricts Bronchi
  • Stimulates saliva
  • Slows HR
  • Stimulates paristalsis
  • Stimulates bile release
40
Q

catecholemine order for catecholamine synthasis

A 
tyrosine
dopa
dopamine
secretory granules
dopamine
norepi
epi

My Cardiac Physiology (9 decks)

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