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Psychology 101 > Quiz 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behavior which has deep philosophical roots

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2
Q

Philosophical dualism

A

the view that mind and body are fundamentally different things

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3
Q

Philosophical materialism

A

the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

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4
Q

Philosophical realism

A

the view that our perceptions of the physical world are a faithful copy of information from the world that enters our brains through our sensory apparatus

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5
Q

Philosophical idealism

A

the view that our perceptions of the physical world are our brain’s best interpretation of the information that enters through our sensory apparatus

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6
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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7
Q

Philosophical nativism

A

the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired (scared of snakes from birth)

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8
Q

Structuralism

A

structuralism is a school of thought that sought to identify the components mind and it’s functions where the whole equals the sum of parts.

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach to psychology that focuses on the biological and environmental factors that help people adapt to their environment.

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10
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

a general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

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11
Q

Unconscious

A

the part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware

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12
Q

Behaviorism

A

school of thought in psychology that focuses on the study of observable behavior - doesn’t attempt to explain why people behave the way they do, but how they behave and how their behavior can be changed through conditioning.

Behaviorists believe that all human behaviors are learned through reinforcement or reward and punishment.

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13
Q

Principle of Reinforcement

A

a principle stating that any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t rewarded won’t be repeated

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14
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of human information processing
Neuroscience: the study of the brain

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15
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind (especially in humans)

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16
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior (especially in nonhuman animals)

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17
Q

Construct Validity

A

a feature of operational definitions whose specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties

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18
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants/expects

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19
Q

Observer Bias

A

the tendency for observers’ expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually saw

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20
Q

population

A

complete collection of people

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21
Q

sample

A

a partial collection of people drawn from a population

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22
Q

Variable

A

Properties that can have more than one value

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23
Q

Third-variable problem

A

the natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a thrid variable might be causing both of them

24
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment

25
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measure or effected by the independent variable in an experiment

26
Q

internal validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

27
Q

external validity

A

an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way

28
Q

Type 1 error

A

when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when there is none

29
Q

Type 2 error

A

when researchers conclude there is not a causal relationship between two variables when there is one

30
Q

Statistical validity

A

did the independent and dependent variables indeed correlate with each other

31
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks

32
Q

cell body/soma

A

the largest component of the neuron that coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps said cell alive

33
Q

dendrite

A

part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

34
Q

axon

A

part of a neuron that carries information to the other neurons, muscles, or glands

35
Q

myelin sheath

A

an insulating layer of fatty material that covers the axon

36
Q

glial cells

A

support cells found in the nervous system

37
Q

synapse

A

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another

38
Q

three types of neurons

A

1) sensory that receives information and conveys this through the spinal cord
2) motor that carry signals from spinal cord to muscles to provide movement
3) interneurons that connect the other two neurons and themselves (the links)

39
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

40
Q

receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and either initiate or prevent a new electric signal

41
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control

42
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

43
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

44
Q

gaba

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (lack of this causes seizures as the neurons become overactive)

45
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter involved in states of vigilance of heightened awareness of danger

46
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter involved in regulated of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior

47
Q

endorphins

A

chemicals that act within pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain

48
Q

agonists

A

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

49
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter

50
Q

nervous system

A

interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information through the body

51
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

set of nerves that carry involuntary and autonomic commands such as reflexes

52
Q

somatic nervous system

A

set of nerves that convey information between the skeletal muscles and the central nervous system (things people want to do)

53
Q

Basal ganglia

A

set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements and plays a role in reward processing

54
Q

endocrine system

A

network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages known as hormones, which influence basic functions such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development

55
Q

pituitary gland

A

the “master gland” which releases hormones that direct the functions of the other glands

Psychology 101 (1 decks)

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