quiz 1 (unit 1 and 1st class unit 2)

Question 1

ecology

Answer 1

study of interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
(where, why are the there and how many are there)

Question 2

what are the types of interactions

Answer 2

a) physical -> factor, abiotic
b)biological -> interactions, biotic

Question 3

what are abiotic factors

Answer 3

non living things

temperature, wind, humidity, sun exposure, soil (ph water content, nutrients0 light and sun exposure as well as space

Question 4

what are biotic factors

Answer 4

living factors

symbiosis, predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

Question 5

what are types of distribution and abundance

Answer 5

low density
medium density
high density

Question 6

what is a population

Answer 6

a group of interbreeding individuals

Question 7

what are characteristics of a population

Answer 7

-size(N)
-Age structure
-density/abundance (number of individuals in a determined space)
-distribution (geographical range/area)
-dispersal

Question 8

dispersal

Answer 8

depends on scale
clumped
regular/uniform
random

on small scale, all are possible
on large scale ex continent, clumped

Question 9

changes in population size

Answer 9

growth(G)=[(births+immigration)-(death+emigration)]/time

Question 10

exponential growth

Answer 10

per carpita growth rate (r) does not change even if pop gets very large

dN/dt= rmax*N

Question 11

what happens to a population under ideal conditions

Answer 11

it would realize its biotic potential (max growth)

Question 12

ways to maximize natality

Answer 12

-max fecundity (# eggs at same time)
-minimize age of sexual maturity
-maximize length of reproductive life

Question 13

way to minimize mortality

Answer 13

try to have every individual die at old age

Question 14

what is a sigmoid (logistic) growth

Answer 14

per capita growth rate (r) gets smaller as pop approaches its max size

dN/dt= rmax[(k-N)/K]N

K=carrying capacity

Question 15

what is the carrying capacity

Answer 15

maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

Question 16

population crashes

Answer 16

when N overshoots K
characteristic of opportunistic species (mosquitos, blackflies, weed)

Question 17

density dependent factors

Answer 17

factors influenced by population density
-effect more severe when n is high

competition
predation
parasitism

Question 18

competition

Answer 18

the use of a limited ressource by 2 or more individuals

Question 19

comp between 2 of same species SP

Answer 19

intraspecific competition

Question 20

comp between different species SPP

Answer 20

interspecific competition

Question 21

predation

Answer 21

act of 1 organism killing and eating another

Question 22

parasitism

Answer 22

1 organism live in/on another

Question 23

density independent factors

Answer 23

physical abiotic factors
severity does not depend on population density

ex heat wave

Question 24

life history

Answer 24

programmed life events
birth reproduction death

Question 25

life tables

Answer 25

allow the study of populations in different environments and comparison between species

Question 26

variables of life table

Answer 26

-number alive at start of age interval (lx) -number dying during age interval (dx) -age specific mortality rate (qx) -age specific survivor ship (px)

Question 27

human population growth

Answer 27

-human can side step many limiting factors (medicine, hygiene, etc) -ability to increase carrying capacity (agriculture) -ability to expend new habitats and climates

Question 28

demographics

Answer 28

vital statistics of human populations: size, density, age structure, distribution

Question 29

resource consumption

Answer 29

good indicator of the futur of most animal populations

Question 30

community

Answer 30

all populations inhabiting a certain habitat primary producers (plants, algae) consumers (heterotrophs, animals) decomposers (fungi, bacteria)

Question 31

trophic levels

Answer 31

place in the food chain|food web

Question 32

how to look at food web

Answer 32

vertically=predation horizontally=competition

Question 33

what is the structure of a community based on

Answer 33

climate available ressources adaptive traits oforganisms species interactions various populations sizes they all determine the # of species at each trophic level

Question 34

niche

Answer 34

a species occupancy based on its tolerance and requirements describes how biotic and abiotic resources are used to ensure survival and reproduction

Question 35

fundamental niche

Answer 35

life that a species might have without interactions with other species it is the biggest niche possible

Question 36

what do interactions do

Answer 36

they determine a species niche they can affect a populations size

Question 37

mutualism

Answer 37

+|+ both organisms benefit from one another relationship in which organisms of different species interact to their mutual benefit

Question 38

competition

Answer 38

-|- both have to share, they dont have as much as if they were alone intra or inter specific