Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 105 > Quiz 1 Terms > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Terms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Method

A

the process by which observations are questioned, hypotheses are created and tested, testable predictions are made, and critical experiments are carried out. From this conclusions are drawn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Empirical

A

based on, or verifiable observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Qualitative

A

Observation that is a recorded description

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Quantitative

A

Observation that is numerical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

what can be changed / not dependent on something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

what is measured / the effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Assumes there is no effect between variables (H0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Critical Experiments

A

these make an experiment where its results will eliminate on or more of your hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Thinking a substance has a positive effect on the body when it does not actually do anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Replication

A

repeating a study so its results can be confirmed and lead to a less biased conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Scientific Theory

A

something that is so well supported by multiple experiments and years of evidence that it is practically a fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biology

A

The study of living things that has given us tools for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Atomic / Molecular
  2. Cellular / Cells
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organism
  6. Population
  7. Community
  8. Ecosystem
  9. Biosphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emergent properties

A

Properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system but are properties that do not belong to the individual components themselves. The individual components within a system amount to or manifest the property that is emergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Biotic

A

relating to or resulting from living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Abiotic

A

physical rather than biological, not devised from living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure and Function

A

These interact because they are intrinsically related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made from cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. new cells are always produced from existing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unicellular

A

one cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multicellular

A

many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

organisms that grow to a critical size and divide to form two identical daughter organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

organisms that begin as a single cells which grow and divide many times before developing tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acute change

A

rapid change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chronic change

A

change over time that can reverse
–> tan fading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Periodic change

A

changes that occur at regular intervals
–> seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Evolutionary change

A

changes to the DNA of certain populations
–> giraffe neck small to long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Developmental Change

A

change over lifespans, preprogrammed and irreversible
–> newborn to adult / caterpillar to butterfly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Basic biology

A

understanding living organisms to increase knowledge
–> examining DNA structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Applied biology

A

solve practical problems but needs basic biology to perform applied biology
–> developing the DNA structure to identify genetic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A
  1. Observations / Background Research
  2. Ask a question
  3. Formulate a hypothesis
  4. Derive a testable prediction(s)
  5. Test prediction(s) with experiments
  6. Analyze Data and draw conclusions
  7. Consistent or not
    - refine and repeat (cycle back)
  8. Communicate results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

Subsequent observations or experiments can reject a hypothesis but never fully prove it is correct, only support it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Matter

A

any substance that takes up space and has physical mass (atoms) that is made up of elements, substances that can not be reduced to a more basic chemical structure by a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Compounds

A

Substances consisting of two or more elements that have been chemically combined in fixed ratios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Organic Matter

A

Constructs living organisms to convert energy, essential for life, and make up 96% of living matter (Carbon 18%, Oxygen (65%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Trace Elements

A

Elements found in such small quantities that are required for certain chemical processes to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Atoms

A

composed of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Protons

A

Positive electrical charge that is in the atoms nucleus and reveals the atomic number of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Electrons

A

Negative electrical charge located around the nucleus and will have the same number as protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral charge located in the atoms nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Isotopes

A

When an atom has different number of neutrons (gained or lost). The charge will stay the same but the property changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Valence Electrons

A

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Electron Shells

A

Concentric circles surrounding the nucleus (first holds 2, second holds 8, third holds 18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost electron shell of any atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Bonds

A

An arrangement where two atoms are positioned very close to one another and share / donate electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Molecule

A

When two atoms are bounded together by covalent bonds (the resulting structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Double Bond

A

When an atom forms multiple bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Electronegativity

A

Tendency for an atom or functional group to attract electrons towards itself. Unequal electron sharing results in slight difference in charge between the two atoms.
- more electronegative = more negative charge
- less electronegative = more positive charge
Electrons are not always equally shared by atoms in a covalent bond which leads to an unequal distribution of electric charge
- how many times the electrons circulate the electron shell
- high electronegativity (pull of electrons) means electrons spend more time around one shell over the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds between an electronegative atom and non-electronegative atom which causes them to have electrical polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dipole

A

A pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnified poles separated by a distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bond

A

Evenly shared electrons do not create polarity in electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Temporary bonds formed between the slightly positive hydrogen atoms, formed by polar covalent bond, and the slightly negatively charged electronegative atom of an adjacent polar covalent molecule
Polar molecules containing hydrogen can exhibit hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen atom from a polar molecule (delta +) is attracted to an electronegative atom of another polar molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Van Der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions between atoms caused slight fluctuations in positioning of electrons that individually do not create strong forced to hold atoms together. When there is a lot, stronger attraction can occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ionic Bond

A

The attraction between two oppositely charged atoms in a molecule. When an atom donates their electron to another atom and makes both atoms charged (ions)
- positive and negative attract
- break when they dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cations

A

positive ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Anions

A

negative ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Isomers

A

When two organic molecules vary only in their architecture (the way atoms are arranged in space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Covalent Bond

A

When an atom shares their electron with another atom (non polar and polar)
- do not break when dissolved in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Ions

A

When an atom is charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Structural isomers

A

Two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formulas but different structures. Differ in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule. Have the same chemical formula but different bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Cis-Trans Isomers

A

Pairs of molecules which have the same formula but functional groups are different orientations. Differ in placement of certain atoms in the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Encantiomers

A

Mirror images of each other. Differ in their spatial arrangements of atoms around an asymmetric molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Chemical reaction

A

When bonds are formed or broken because the bonds break and are replaced with a polar covalent bond and leaves a balanced equation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Specific Heat

A

A substances ability to absorb energy without changing temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Solution

A

When a solute is dissolved in a solvent that can be important for conducting chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving
- molecules with ionic or polar covalent bonds can dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water hating / fearing
- hydrophobic molecules will cluster together
- non polar –> can’t dissolve in water

68
Q

Carbon is … and can …

A

the backbone of all life and can bond to four other atoms

69
Q

Macromoleules

A

Large molecules (Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Carbohydrates)

70
Q

Polymers

A

long molecules (2+ monomers) that consist of several identical or repetitive smaller molecules called monomers linked by covalent bonds due to condensation

71
Q

Monomers

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

72
Q

Condensation Reactions

A

Dehydration, taking out a water molecule
Monomer –> polymer

73
Q

Dimer

A

A chain of two monomers

74
Q

Trimer

A

A chain with three monomers

75
Q

Tetramer

A

A chain with four monomers

76
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A

Adding water molecule
Polymer –> monomer

77
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugar monomers combined to form long polymer chains that are usually composed of C, H, and O atoms. The carbon atoms are linked to a H atom, and/or a hydroxyl group (OH). They store energy and help with cell structure.

78
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugar monomers for carbohydrates
Pentose (5C)
- Ribose (C5H10O5)
- Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)

Hexoses (6C)
- Glucose (C6H12O6)

79
Q

Disaccharides

A

two sugar monomers for carbohydrates
- Glucose + Fructose + Condensation = disaccharide

80
Q

Polysaccharides

A

four+ sugar monomers formed by dehydration for carbohydrates
Important for energy storage, protection, structure building

81
Q

Lipids

A

Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
- composed mainly of Hydrogen and Carbon Atoms
-non polar (hydrophobic)
- 40% of organic matter in living organisms / the human body
- important for energy storage and cell membrane formation

82
Q

Fats

A

Composed of initial glycerol backbone bonded together to more fatty acids.
- properties of fats depend on the fatty acids that compose it

83
Q

Monoglycerides

A

They are made up of glycerol and one fatty acid chain

84
Q

Triglyceride

A

Three fatty acid chains + glycerol + condensation (3H2O). Triglycerides convert temporarily into monoglycerides and diglycerides during digestion.

84
Q

Diglyceride

A

Two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule

85
Q

Saturated Fat

A
  • Straight linear structure (tightly packed)
  • Has no double bonds between the carbons
  • All bonds are taken up by hydrogen atoms
  • Solid at room temp (required energy (heat) to melt)
86
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A
  • 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms resulting in less hydrogen (less stable) atoms being bonded and adds kinks to the fatty acid
  • liquid at room temperature
87
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate head group
  • Have two fatty acid tails (nonpolar / hydrophobic (doesn’t contain oxygen))
  • Phosphate head (polar / hydrophilic (contains oxygen))
  • Amphipathic
88
Q

Amphipathic

A

When a molecule has both polar and nonpolar properties
- molecules with polar / ionized and non polar regions

89
Q

Micelle

A

An arrangement of molecules in a colloidal solution. It satisfies the molecular preference of each region of the molecule making it stable.

90
Q

Liposome

A

Two layers of phospholipids. Spherical vesicles made up of biodegradable natural or synthetic phospholipids

91
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Central dogma of molecular biology. Information storage device for an organism. Provides instructions that are encoded by the order of monomers that make up the nucleic acid molecule.
DNA –> RNA –> Protein

92
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acid Polymer
Double helix (2 strands)

93
Q

RNA

A

Ribose Sugar
Ribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acid Polymer

94
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleic Acids monomer that are composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

95
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

96
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

97
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

98
Q

Nitrogenous Bases Pairs

A

A+T, A+U, C+G

99
Q

Peptide Bond

A

bond between adjacent amino acids monomers

100
Q

Polypeptide

A

2+ poly peptide bonds in a chain

101
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chains (polar or nonpolar, pos or neg) (R)

102
Q

Primary Structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids in a chain
- encoded directly by genes (DNA)
10^30 possible ways to combine the 20 amino acids

103
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Regions of the amino acids that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds with the balance of the polypeptide
- Alpha helices (coils that form in the amino acid)
- Beta pleated sheets (strands of the polypeptide chain laying side by side)

104
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3D shape of a protein that is stabilized by interactions between side chains of the amino acid
- 1 polypeptide

105
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Two or more polypeptides interact to form a single functional protein

106
Q

Denaturing

A

Unfolding / breaking of proteins that then modify the protein and its structure

107
Q

What makes up majority of the body?

A

Water due to the high amount of hydrogen and oxygen present in the body

108
Q

When is there a charge of 0?

A

When an atom has equal number of protons and electrons.

109
Q

When is there a negative charge?

A

When you add an electron it becomes negatively charged (net charge -)

110
Q

When is there a positive charge?

A

When you lose an electron it becomes positively charges (net charge +)

111
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Contains chemical symbols of the elements in the molecule (ex: C6H12O6)
- subscripts indicate how many atoms there are

112
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms want a full valence shell (2 / 8 / 18) so the atom can be more stable. Atoms do this by sharing or exchanging electrons through bonds

113
Q

Delta -

A

Partial negative (polar)

114
Q

Delta +

A

Partial positive (polar)

115
Q

Single Bond

A

sharing of one pair of electrons (one line)

116
Q

Double Bond

A

sharing of two pairs of electrons (two lines)

117
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

An organic compound consisting of largely C-C and C-H bonds
- hydrophobic and poorly soluble

118
Q

How do you know when something can dissolve in water / is hydrophilic

A

When it contains Nitrogen or Oxygen or C-O / C-N bonds which are both polar

119
Q

Nucleic Acid Polymer

A

The bond between sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate group of another / the next nucleotide

120
Q

Protein

A

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and small amounts of sulfur
- 50% of organic matter in our bodies
- key structural, catalytic, regulatory and transport molecules

121
Q

Structural (protein)

A

Cellular level (actin and tubulin) systems level (bone and skin / collagen and keratin)

122
Q

Catalytic (protein)

A

Enzymes (catalyze reactions)

123
Q

Regulatory (proteins)

A

Enzymes like receptors, transcription, neurotransmitters, and hormones

124
Q

Transport (proteins)

A

Carrier proteins, membrane channels, pumps, transporters

125
Q

Proteins monomer

A

Amino acids
- 20 different
- joined together by dehydration reactions between carboxyl and amino groups (peptide bond)

126
Q

Electrostatic interactions

A

Ionic and other polar interactions including hydrogen bonds that promotes stability of protein through hydrophobic effects, and disulfide bridges

127
Q

Disulfide Bridge

A

Type of covalent bond between Sulfur (SH + SH –> S-S)
- in tertiary and quaternary structures

128
Q

Cells

A

contain all the necessary ingredients for metabolism, replication, communication, and physical interaction
- membrane bound and contain semi-fluid jelly like substance, proteins, ribosomes, and genetic material
- generate and consume energy, reproduce, encode info, move, synthesize and traffic, cell signaling, and cell communication

129
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Nucleated organisms
- genetic material is contained within a double-membrane-bound (nucleus)
- larger and more compartmentalized
- plant cells, fungi cells, animal cells

130
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Anucleated organisms
- do not have a membrane bound nucleus, genetic material is concentrated in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid
- bacteria cells, archaea cells

131
Q

Membrane bound

A

All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane that serves as a selective barrier allowing the exchange of water and nutrients

132
Q

Cell Walls (cell)

A

Some cells have cell walls which add protection, rigidity, and prevails excessive uptake of water

133
Q

Cytosol (cell)

A

Jelly like substance / aqueous solution inside the cell that suspends cellular components (ribosomes, organelles, cytoskeleton etc)
-holds chemical reactions (synthesis of proteins aided by ribosomes)

134
Q

Cytoplasm (cell)

A

Everything within the cell except the nucleus

135
Q

Chromosomes

A

The discrete units that store generate information that produce all the proteins that a cell needs to survive
- only visible during cell division
- prokaryotes usually only have a singe circular chromosome floating in a region of the cytosol called the nucleoid
-Eukaryotes have diverse chromosomal arrangements contained within a double-membrane lined nucleus

136
Q

Nucleus (cell)

A

Contains almost all of the genes found in a eukaryote cell (some can be in other organelles)

137
Q

Chromatin

A

Condensed DNA

138
Q

Nucleolus (cell)

A

Responsible for ribosome production. Contains DNA that directs protein synthesis and make mRNA from DNA and transports it to the cytoplasm
- two bilayers that enclose the nucleus that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

139
Q

Ribosomes (cell)

A

Small structures composed of RNA and protein that carry out all the protein synthesis that occurs in the cell
- protein factors of the cell

140
Q

Free ribosomes (cell)

A

Ribosomes that float in the cytosol and produce proteins that usually stay in the cytosol

141
Q

Bound ribosomes (cell)

A

Ribosomes attached to the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum and produce proteins that may have more complex fates like excretion from the cell

142
Q

Semi-autonomous Organelles

A

Organelles with their own DNA, can perform energy conversion
- Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

143
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Eukaryotic cells evolved from simpler prokaryotic cells that merged together
- these organelles contain their own DNA, have a double membrane, and can grow and replicate independently of the cell

144
Q

Mitochondria (cell)

A

Used to efficiently break down sugars to produce cellular energy without producing as many toxic waste products
- has two membranes
- inner membrane space: important for metabolic processes
- mitochondrial matrix: contains ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

145
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Convert energy in sunlight into bonds of sugar (photosynthesis)
- found only in plant cells, algae, and amoebas
- semi-autonomas organelle

146
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers, which is comprised of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- organized at an organelle called the centrosome
-important for movement in and out of the cell

147
Q

Flagella

A

Extensions of plasma membrane that help with mobility

148
Q

Cilia

A

Smaller extensions of plasma membrane that help with mobility

149
Q

Tight Junctions (cell adhesion)

A

Small proteins that bind together the cell membranes of adjacent cells (watertight)

150
Q

Desmosomes (cell adhesion)

A

A specific protein that lends strength to the adhesion of cells and often used to bind cells together

151
Q

Gap Junctions (cell adhesion)

A

Channel proteins that directly connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells

152
Q

Hydrophobic Effects

A

Amino acids will fold up to be away from water that gives it its 3D shape

153
Q

Selective permiability

A

Cells only allow some solutes to cross
- cells detect signals from their environment

154
Q

Nuclear Pore (cell)

A

Provide passage ways in/out of the nucleus

155
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Parts of the cell which includes: Vesicles, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoules

156
Q

Vesicles (cell)

A

Tiny membrane - bound compartments that transport materials in / out the cell

157
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (cell)

A

Network of stacked, flattened, phospholipid membranes

158
Q

Rough ER (cell)

A

Membrane with ribosomes / protein synthesis and sorting

159
Q

Smooth ER (cell)

A

Lacks ribosomes / diverse functions, metabolism, calcium storage, lipid synthesis, modification

160
Q

Golgi Apparatus (cell)

A

Stack of flattened membrane bound compartments found further away from the nucleus
- secretion of substances out of the cell
- processing of proteins and lipids
- protein sorting and secretion

161
Q

Lysosomes (cell)

A

Vesicles that contain acid hydrolases that centralize hydrolysis reaction of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
- breaking things apart / down (polymers and monomers) to reuse it

162
Q

Vacuoles (cell)

A

Filled with water and sometimes store additional molecules, including enzymes in solution

163
Q

Motor proteins

A

Use chemical energy (from ATP) as a source of energy for movement
- carries cargo along the filament
- motor proteins stay in place and flagella moves
- exert force

164
Q

The Extracellular Matrix

A

Cells secrete material that forms a gel-like meshwork outside of the cells’ membrane (in animals)
- strength (skin, cartilage, and organ coverings)
- Structural support (bone)
- organization (keeps cells together)
- cell signaling (helps sense environment outside the cell)

165
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Controlling water balance to equalize the concentration of dissolved solids on either side of the membrane

166
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Special type of vacuole that regulate the quantity of water inside a cell
- collects excess water in this organelle and then expels the water by contracting the walks of the contractile vacuole

167
Q

Hydrogenosome

A

Found in eukaryotes that live in low oxygen environments
Ex: trichomeneas vaginalis, nyctotheus ovalis, loricfera

168
Q

Cnidocyst

A

Contains one giant secretary organelle that can explosively eject a barn into organisms that activate the mechanism
- capture prey by impaling then on the ends of the barb as a defense against predators

Bio 105 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions