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nsg > Quiz 1 Semester 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name age-related changes that occur to our bodies as we age.

A

Gray hair
Decreased elasticity of skin
Decreased muscle mass
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased ability to hear high frequencies
Diminished eyesight

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2
Q

What is the basic building block of the body?

A

Cells

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3
Q

The cell consists of three main parts. What are they and what are their functions?

A

Cytoplasm- gel like substance where work of body cell is done.
Cell Membrane- outer layer of cell that provides protection.
Nucleus- stores the cell’s DNA.

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4
Q

What are the five (5) physiological needs?

A

Need for air
Need for food and fluids
Need for activity and rest
Need for protection
Need for elimination of bodily waste.

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5
Q

What are the three (3) psychosocial needs?

A

The need for everyday human contact
The need for friendship, intimacy and family.

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6
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the division of cells. The cell splits into two parts - each exactly like the other and then these two cells divide again and again.

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7
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes make energy and the materials cells and organisms need to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy.

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8
Q

What is homeostasis? Give three (3) examples of how our bodies show homeostasis.

A

Homeostasis is the body’s attempt to keep its internal environment stable or in balance.
The body temperature remains constant.
The blood pressure remains within specific limits.
The chemistry of the blood remains within normal limits (pH balance)

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9
Q

Name 10 bodily systems.

A

Integumentary
Circulatory
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Nervous
Urinary
Reproductive
Skeletal
Endocrine

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10
Q

What are the organs of the integumentary system? Describe each one.

A

Sweat glands help the body regulate temperature and to also maintain fluid balance and
ridding of body wastes.
Oil glands lubricate the skin and keep the hair flexible and shiny.
Oil glands lie near hair shafts and secrete an oily substance onto the skin.
Hair covers almost all the body surfaces except for the palms of hands and soles of the feet.
Hair will grow from a follicle (or root).
Hair in the nose, ears and eyes protects from dust, insects and foreign objects.
Hair helps to retain heat.
Nails help to protect the fingers and toes and also allow the hands to pick up small objects.

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11
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin.

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12
Q

What are the three layers of skin (in order)?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

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13
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Elimination

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14
Q

What are four (4) distinct categories of tissues? Give an example of each type.

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

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15
Q

Name what structures are found in the dermis.

A

Blood vessels, nerve fibers, sweat and oil glands and hair roots are found in the dermis.

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16
Q

When you have a fever, how does the skin work in order to regulate your temperature?

A

Blood vessels vasodilate close to the surface of skin.
As a result, heat comes closer to the surface with the blood.
Sweat glands are stimulated to produce sweat.
Sweat travels through sweat ducts to the skin surface through pores.
Heat gets carried away through the process of evaporation.

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17
Q

When providing care for someone with a fever, what are five (5) things you can do?

A

Check temperature every 4 hours
Bathe resident and change clothing and bedding prn
Give extra fluids (water, ice chips or other clear fluids)
Cool cloth to the forehead
Light clothing and /or covers
Bed clothes not tucked in. Drape them over the side rails
Fan, but not directly on the person
Cool cloth to the back of the neck
Dampen hair on the top of the head or cool cloth on top of bald head

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18
Q

We know that friction, shearing, immobility and moisture are four causes of skin breakdown; what are five (5) other common causes of skin breakdown?

A

Immobility
Obesity
Diabetic
Poor circulation
Residents in casts

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19
Q

When you are caring for a resident, what are some ways that you can help protect a resident’s skin?

A

Keep the skin clean and dry.
Providing lotion and gentle massage.
Protect the skin from scratching, rubbing, or other trauma.
Clothing, shoes, braces and splints should fit properly.
Bed should be free of wrinkles.
Resident’s nails should be kept short and smooth, as well as staff’s
Frequent changes of position, using proper positioning techniques.
Dependent residents at risk should be repositioned q2hours.

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20
Q

It is VERY important to inspect the skin of the resident during cares; what should you observe and look for?

A

Skin color
Skin temperature
Excessive moisture or dryness
Darkened or reddened areas, especially over bony prominences
Rashes
Swelling
Bruising
Skin tears
Wounds/ulcers
Other abnormalities

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21
Q

Name three common sites that you may see a skin tear.

A

The hands, arms, and lower legs are common sites for skin tears.

22
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system composed of?

A

Bones
Skeletal muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Joints
Bursa

23
Q

What is the framework of the body called?

A

The musculoskeletal system.

24
Q

What are the functions of our bones and muscles?

A

This system gives your body its structure and support and lets you move around.

25
Q

How many bones are there in the skeletal system?

A

206

26
Q

Name four types of bones and give examples of each.

A

Long bones –femur, tibia, fibula
Short bones – carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones – pelvic bones, scapula, sternum, skull, ribs.
Irregular bones – verterbrae, hip bones, sacrum, mandible.

27
Q

How many types of joints are there? Name, describe, and give an example of each type.

A

Ball and Socket – allows movement in all directions. Has a rounded end on one bone,
which fits into a hollow end of another bone. Examples are hip and shoulder joints.
Hinge –allows movement in ONE direction only. Examples are knees, elbows, fingers.
Pivot – allows turning from side to side. Example is the skull is attached to the spin by a
pivot joint.
Saddle - allows a wide range of motion. Example is the thumb.
Gliding – allows limited gliding motion. Example is the wrist.
Condyloid – allow flexibility and movement. Example knuckles and wrist.

28
Q

The body contains how many muscles?

A

Over 600.

29
Q

What is a ligament and its purpose?

A

Tough, white fibrous cord of connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

30
Q

What is a tendon and its purpose?

A

Elastic cord of connective tissue that connects bone to muscle.

31
Q

What is a bursa and its purpose?

A

Burse are small fluid-filled sacs (synovial fluid) that act as a cushion between the joint and the
tendons.

32
Q

Name the age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system.

A

Bones become more brittle because of calcium loss
The joints become less flexible and ROM decreases
Muscles may become smaller because of less regular exercise – this limits the person’s
strength and endurance.
Body tends to become more flexed with age, thus the posture may become stooped.
Discs between the vertebrae thin, causing the trunk to shorten.

33
Q

Name three nursing measures to prevent or reduce the effects of disease upon the muscular system.

A

Perform ROM exercises whether passive or active.
Ambulation
Proper positioning of dependent residents.
Making sure to use proper alignment and frequent repositioning techniques to prevent contractures.

34
Q

What are the six types (or classifications) or fractures?

A

Greenstick
Spiral
Comminuted
Transverse
Compound
Compression

35
Q

What are the symptoms of a fracture?

A

Loss of movement and strength
Bruising and swelling
Pain and tenderness over the fracture site
Deformity or misalignment

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a fractured hip?

A

Snap, crack or pop sound
Affected leg externally rotated
Affected leg shorter than the other
Bruising of the hip, groin and/or thigh
Pain at the hip, groin and/or thigh

37
Q

Explain the two types of traction.

A

Skin traction: this is the application of straps to a body part (a lower extremity for example) and pulleys and weights are attached.
Skeletal Traction: This type of traction is the insertion of pins, wires, or screws into a bone.
Then, weight is applied directly to the bone using a system of weights, ropes and pulleys.

38
Q

Before providing care for someone who has had an open reduction/internal fixation (ORIF) of the hip (also known as hip pinning), what four things should you know?

A

Know whether there are any restrictions for positioning the resident in bed.
Know whether the resident is allowed to bear weight on the affected leg.
Know how to transfer the resident (is the resident nonweightbearing or partial weightbearing).
Know whether you should do passive ROM exercises on the affected leg.

39
Q

When providing care for a resident who has had a new hip replacement, what are four things that are important to do when moving or turning the resident?

A

Turn to back and unaffected hip only.
Encourage and assist with all ambulation (usually with a walker)
Do not allow weight bearing on the affected leg unless approved by a physician.
Elevate and support the leg when the client is in a chair.

40
Q

What are six things you should not allow the resident who has had a recent hip replacement do?

A

Adduct the legs (cross affected leg over midline)
Flex legs past 90 degrees
Flex hip in side-lying position
Bend forward at the hip during transfers and other activities or when sitting in the bed.
Sit for long periods of time
Internally rotate the affected leg.

41
Q

What things should you observe for and report to the RN when caring for a resident who has had a hip replacement?

A

Swelling of affected leg
Redness or discoloration of the hip
Pain at the hip, groin, or thigh
Drainage or bleeding from the incision
Chest pain – could be sign of a blood clot.

42
Q

How would you care for a limb that has just had a cast removed?

A

Wash/dry gently (skin sensitive)
No shaving limb for 3 days
No scrubbing – could damage skin. Dry skin may take a few days.
Moisturize
Assess!! (For what?)
ROM as directed

43
Q

Name some important things that you should observe for someone who has a cast.

A

c/o pain
Swelling
c/o numbness
Discoloration of skin (pale, cyanotic)
Inability to move fingers or toes
Cool or hot temperature of the skin
Signs of infection

44
Q

Name and describe two types of casts.

A

Plaster of Paris, which can take up to 48 hours to dry.
Fiberglass, which dries rapidly (15-20 minutes) and allows for weight bearing in approximately
24 hours.

45
Q

What type of muscles move food through the digestive system?

A

Smooth muscles.

46
Q

Who is at an increased risk of suffering from osteoporosis – men or women – and why?

A

Women are more at risk because of lack of estrogen after menopause.

47
Q

Name three types of muscle tissue and an example of each.

A

Skeletal muscle (striated) – These muscles are attached to bones and allow for movement.
These are voluntary muscles.
Smooth muscle – have a smooth appearance and work automatically without our conscious
effort (involuntary). Smooth muscles are found in the blood vessels, intestines, stomach,
pupils, as well as other body organs.
Cardiac muscle – This type of muscle tissue is only found in the heart and controls the
heartbeat. It is an involuntary muscle.

48
Q

What two things could happen to muscles if they are not used – explain both.

A

Atrophy – occurs when muscle mass decreases in size. When muscles are not used, atrophy
will happen.
Contractures – a permanent shortening of the muscle. When muscle is not used, it becomes
“fixed” or very resistant to stretching.

49
Q

How would you provide skincare for a person who has a prosthesis?

A

Follow the careplan.
Wash stump at the end of the day preferably.
Wash with warm water and a mild soap (or a medicated soap if ordered)
Rinse skin thoroughly.
If permitted, apply skin lotion to keep stump skin soft to prevent damage
Report any skin irritations, blisters or breakdown to supervisor immediately.

50
Q

How should you clean the socket of a prosthetic limb?

A

Follow the careplan!!
Wash with warm water (not hot) and mild soap (preferably at night).
Dry thoroughly before putting on.

51
Q

What are some common skin disorders affecting amputees and describe each one.

A

Rashes and abrasions
Edema
Contact dermatitis
Cysts
Folliculitis
Fungal infections
Eczema
Ulcers

nsg (1 decks)

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