Quiz #1 REVIEW SECTION

Question 1

Descartes’ Mind Body Dualism

Answer 1

Argues that the mind is non-physical and where our consciousness lies, and the brain/body is physical and intelligence (interact at the pineal gland)

Question 2

What did Penfield do?

Answer 2

Penfield began to map parts of the brain. Used electrical stimulation of cortex

Question 3

Reductionism

Answer 3

Reducing everything in the mind and all thought down to the physical or biological. Our current viewpoint of neuroscience/biology

Question 4

Functional specialization

Answer 4

Each section of the brain has a specific function, and the brain can be mapped out through these functions

Question 5

Modularity

Answer 5

Stems from the idea of functional specialization. Different units in the brain for different functions. (no longer a prevalent idea)

Question 6

Connectionism

Answer 6

The idea that different parts of the brain interact and “talk” with each other to form mental processes.

Question 7

Cognitive psychology (ideology)

Answer 7

The brain is like a computer, connectionism, parallels to computers in modeling brain function (AI). “Study of how cognitive processes can be explained by the structure and function of the brain

Question 8

Bottom up vs top down

Answer 8

Often used in tandem with each other. Bottom up is stimulus driven while top down is expectation driven (takes time to develop)

Question 9

Parts of the Neuron

Answer 9

Dendrite (receiver), Nucleus, Cell body (neurotransmitter creation), glial cells (support transmissions, myelin sheath, protect neurons), axon (where signal is transmitted down) axon terminals (release of neurotransmitters)

Question 10

CSF

Answer 10

Fluid that gives ions necessary for firing of neurons

Question 11

Resting potential, charges inside and outside neuron

Answer 11

resting potential is -70mV (70mV more negative on the inside) and inside is polarized. Neuron is negative inside and positive outside.

Question 12

Selective permeability and Gated Channels

Answer 12

Neurons only allow certain chemicals inside via gated channels. Voltage gated channels allow Na+ to be pumped into the neuron to fire. After action potential, Na+ channels close and K+ channels open to pump K+ out to come back to resting potential (after hyperpolarization)

Question 13

Steps of an action potential

Answer 13

Depolarization (voltage gated sodium channels open), Overshoot (action potential), Repolarization (K+ channels open, potassium flows out of axon), hyperpolarization (reset, goes below resting voltage, causing a refractory period), resting again

Question 14

All or nothing

Answer 14

There is no “half” firing an action potential. Either on or off like a computer

Question 15

Firing rate of neurons

Answer 15

Increase in rate of firing as increase of stimulus. Refractory period of 1ms. 500 - 800 impulses per second on upper rate.

Question 16

Excitatory transmitters

Answer 16

neuron becomes more positive, cause depolarization. Increase in likelihood of action potential

Question 17

Inhibitory transmitters

Answer 17

Cause hyperpolarization, neuron becomes more negative. Decreases likelihood of an action potential

Question 18

Depolarization

Answer 18

decrease in negativity inside neuron, increase in chance of action potential

Question 19

Hyperpolarization

Answer 19

Neuron becomes more negative (goes below resting voltage)

Question 20

How are neurotransmitters released and received?

Answer 20

Released through an action potential from axon terminal buttons. Received through dendrite at receptor sites, “lock and key” mechanism.

Question 21

What happens to neurotransmitters after release?

Answer 21

Travel through synapse to post-synaptic neuron. Binds to receptor sites and neurotransmitters left get reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron or are metabolized by enzymes and repurposed back into neuron.

Question 22

CNS - parts

Answer 22

Central Nervous system. Brain and Spinal cord

Question 23

PNS - parts

Answer 23

Peripheral Nervous system - neurons that control the heart, intestines and other organs.

Question 24

Cerebellum - main functions

Question 24

Brainstem - parts

Answer 24

Thalamus, Medulla, Pons, inferior colliculus, superior colliculus

Question 25

Lobes of cortex and general functions

Answer 25

Frontal (voluntary actions and decision making), Temporal (Hearing), Occipital (vision), Parietal (spatial cognition, sensory information

Question 26

Rostral vs Caudal

Answer 26

Rostral means toward the nose, caudal means toward the “tail”

Question 27

Superior vs inferior (dorsal vs ventral)

Answer 27

Superior is above, inferior is below

Question 28

Anterior vs Posterior

Answer 28

Anterior is in front, posterior is behind

Question 29

Axial, Sagittal, Coronal slices of brain

Answer 29

Axial is horizontal slices from top to bottom. Coronal is vertical slices from front to back. Sagittal is vertical slices from left to right

Question 30

Frontal lobe - gyri names

Answer 30

inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus (as names suggest)

Question 31

Temporal Lobe - gyri names

Answer 31

inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus (as names suggest)

Question 32

Motor cortex - gyri names

Answer 32

Postcentral gyrus (slice posterior of central sulci), precentral gyrus (slice anterior of central sulci)

Question 33

Parietal lobe - gyri names

Answer 33

superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule (as names suggest)

Question 34

Occipital - gyri name

Answer 34

lateral occipital gyrus

Question 35

Sulci names and locations

Answer 35

Central sulcus (motor cortex, vertical), Sylvian sulcus (above temporal lobe)

Question 36

Parts of the limbic system

Answer 36

Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mamillary body, cingulate cortex, fornix, olfactory bulbs