Quiz #1 REVIEW SECTION Flashcards
Review
Descartes’ Mind Body Dualism
Argues that the mind is non-physical and where our consciousness lies, and the brain/body is physical and intelligence (interact at the pineal gland)
What did Penfield do?
Penfield began to map parts of the brain. Used electrical stimulation of cortex
Reductionism
Reducing everything in the mind and all thought down to the physical or biological. Our current viewpoint of neuroscience/biology
Functional specialization
Each section of the brain has a specific function, and the brain can be mapped out through these functions
Modularity
Stems from the idea of functional specialization. Different units in the brain for different functions. (no longer a prevalent idea)
Connectionism
The idea that different parts of the brain interact and “talk” with each other to form mental processes.
Cognitive psychology (ideology)
The brain is like a computer, connectionism, parallels to computers in modeling brain function (AI). “Study of how cognitive processes can be explained by the structure and function of the brain
Bottom up vs top down
Often used in tandem with each other. Bottom up is stimulus driven while top down is expectation driven (takes time to develop)
Parts of the Neuron
Dendrite (receiver), Nucleus, Cell body (neurotransmitter creation), glial cells (support transmissions, myelin sheath, protect neurons), axon (where signal is transmitted down) axon terminals (release of neurotransmitters)
CSF
Fluid that gives ions necessary for firing of neurons
Resting potential, charges inside and outside neuron
resting potential is -70mV (70mV more negative on the inside) and inside is polarized. Neuron is negative inside and positive outside.
Selective permeability and Gated Channels
Neurons only allow certain chemicals inside via gated channels. Voltage gated channels allow Na+ to be pumped into the neuron to fire. After action potential, Na+ channels close and K+ channels open to pump K+ out to come back to resting potential (after hyperpolarization)
Steps of an action potential
Depolarization (voltage gated sodium channels open), Overshoot (action potential), Repolarization (K+ channels open, potassium flows out of axon), hyperpolarization (reset, goes below resting voltage, causing a refractory period), resting again
All or nothing
There is no “half” firing an action potential. Either on or off like a computer
Firing rate of neurons
Increase in rate of firing as increase of stimulus. Refractory period of 1ms. 500 - 800 impulses per second on upper rate.
Excitatory transmitters
neuron becomes more positive, cause depolarization. Increase in likelihood of action potential
Inhibitory transmitters
Cause hyperpolarization, neuron becomes more negative. Decreases likelihood of an action potential
Depolarization
decrease in negativity inside neuron, increase in chance of action potential
Hyperpolarization
Neuron becomes more negative (goes below resting voltage)
How are neurotransmitters released and received?
Released through an action potential from axon terminal buttons. Received through dendrite at receptor sites, “lock and key” mechanism.
What happens to neurotransmitters after release?
Travel through synapse to post-synaptic neuron. Binds to receptor sites and neurotransmitters left get reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron or are metabolized by enzymes and repurposed back into neuron.
CNS - parts
Central Nervous system. Brain and Spinal cord
PNS - parts
Peripheral Nervous system - neurons that control the heart, intestines and other organs.
Cerebellum - main functions
Brainstem - parts
Thalamus, Medulla, Pons, inferior colliculus, superior colliculus
Lobes of cortex and general functions
Frontal (voluntary actions and decision making), Temporal (Hearing), Occipital (vision), Parietal (spatial cognition, sensory information
Rostral vs Caudal
Rostral means toward the nose, caudal means toward the “tail”
Superior vs inferior (dorsal vs ventral)
Superior is above, inferior is below
Anterior vs Posterior
Anterior is in front, posterior is behind
Axial, Sagittal, Coronal slices of brain
Axial is horizontal slices from top to bottom. Coronal is vertical slices from front to back. Sagittal is vertical slices from left to right
Frontal lobe - gyri names
inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus (as names suggest)
Temporal Lobe - gyri names
inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus (as names suggest)
Motor cortex - gyri names
Postcentral gyrus (slice posterior of central sulci), precentral gyrus (slice anterior of central sulci)
Parietal lobe - gyri names
superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule (as names suggest)
Occipital - gyri name
lateral occipital gyrus
Sulci names and locations
Central sulcus (motor cortex, vertical), Sylvian sulcus (above temporal lobe)
Parts of the limbic system
Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mamillary body, cingulate cortex, fornix, olfactory bulbs