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Insects > Quiz 1 Review > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

linnaeus’ 7 levels of classification

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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2
Q

domain

A
  • before kingdom
  • added later on
  • 3 main domains (in order):
    1) archae bacteria
    2) eubacteria (mitochondria and chloroplasts)
    3) eukaryotes
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3
Q

6 kingdoms

A

fungi, animalia, eubacteria, plantae, protista, arhcaebacteria

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4
Q

4 sub-phylums

A

myriapods, crustaeca, chelisurata, tribbites/hexapods

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5
Q

how many years ago was earth created?

A

roughly 4.5 billion years ago

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6
Q

when were fossils first found?

A

3.6 billion years ago (prokaryotes-trace fossils)

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7
Q

when were first eukaryotic fossils found?

A

1.2 billion years ago

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8
Q

cambrian explosion

A
  • appearance of many major fossils (including antropoda)
  • first fossils found of soft body animals
  • growth of plants and insects (huge boom–symbiotic relationship?)
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9
Q

when do first terrestrial arthopods first appear?

A
  • 400 million years ago in the devonian period
  • 1st animal to fly were insects also 400 million yrs ago
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10
Q

classification of insects

A

animalia
anthropoda
insecta
triasic
jurasic

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11
Q

why did insects leave the water?

A
  • predators
  • more food options on land
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12
Q

exoskeletons

A

Benefits:
- help push water out when in water
- help keep water in when on land
- maintains salinity
protection from predators
- firm substrate for muscle attachment

Cons:
-limits growth
- moulting = vulnerability
- heavy (no buoyancy)

Affects from sea to land:
- gravity
- energy
- size
- water rich environment to water poor environment (must keep gametes moist by getting water from food)

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13
Q

hymenoptera

A

insects with membranous wings
- ex. bees, wasps, butterflies
- ex. of poisonous monarchs

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14
Q

homopherons

A
  • have thickened upper portion of wing and piercing/sucking mouth parts
  • stab plants to find muscular tissue and suck out phylum for food (carbs)
  • get water from xylum
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15
Q

holometabolous

A
  • full metamorphisis
  • go from egg->larva/maggot->intermediate stage in pupa->adult
  • less competition between youth and adults
  • imaginal discs (2 beings in 1)
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16
Q

hemimetabolous

A
  • start as mini-versions of adults
  • usually nymphs who become adults only when wings are grown or they leave water
  • grows by instars (balloon filled with lymph where liquid is pulled out and then hardens into wings)
  • competition = limited population growth
17
Q

body configuration

A

head:
- central nervous system control
- ingesting surface
- mandable chomp, maxilia slice
- ocellus is senory between eyes that informs insects (like grasshoppers) of seasonality, reproduction time, etc.
- compound eyes

thorax:
- palps found on legs act as chemorecptors for food compounds and mechanoreceptors for lead and other environmental triggers
- 2 pairs of wings (flight and haultier)
- pivot points act as ball and socket

abdomen:
- all other biological processes
- reproduction = max number of gametes for better investment
- changes size (especially when female has more eggs)

18
Q

mouths

A

mosquito:
- chemo receptors that tell them where CO2 is located and then they go at it (use anticoagulent and analgestic)

horse flies:
- steak knife
- slurp through surface tension

house flies:
- use tongue to touch surface area

different types:
- piercing/sucking (true bugs, mosquitos, etc)
- sponging surface liquids (flies)
- stabbing and slurping (horse flies)
- siphoning (butterflies/moths)

19
Q

anteni

A

some insects increase surface area for more space for receptors

20
Q

respiration

A

spiracle respiration:
- insects and non-active spiders
- holes throughout body on tracheae system that take in oxygen from outside and circulate it through the system

book lung:
- active spiders
- oxygen is next to “goo”

21
Q

spiders vs inscets

A

insects:
- 3 body segments
- 3 pairs of legs
- 0/2/4 wings
- eyes:
- compoud (2)
- simple (1-3)
- anteni: 2
- mouth parts: chewing, spongingm piercing, siphoning
- respiration: spiracle

spiders:
- 2 body segments (cephalathorax, abdomen)
- 4 pairs of legs
- 0 wings
- simple eyes (6-8)
- hallow fang mouths
- book lung or spiracle

22
Q

most abundant insects

A

beetles (40%), bees/wasps (30%), flies (12%), moths (16%)

all are holometabolous)

23
Q

least abundant insects

A

true bugs (11%), grasshoppers (4%), dragonflies/damselflies (<1.0%)

24
Q

what biological aspects lead to high diversity

A
  • different body types
  • process of metamorphosis
  • different mouth types
  • time
  • size
  • lot of eggs = more population = less chance of extinction (less chance of stochastic extinction)
  • short generation time
  • better at adapting to habitat (diapause)
  • limited dispersal
25
Q

5 mechanisms of evolution

A

Mutation:
- random dna mutation in gametes
- new dna sequences lead to more variation
- necessary for following 4

Natural selections:
- environmental adaptability determines success
- keep you alive
- adaption of generations not individuals through reproductive success

Sexual selection:
- non-random mate choice; based on non-adaptive traits
- produces maladaptions
- some handicaps like color, mating call, etc.

Genetic drift:
- change from sampling error
- effects frequency of alleles
- most impactful on small populations

Gene flow:
- individuals going in/out of habitat taking genes with them

26
Q

what is a biological species?

A

an interbreeding population that produces viable offspring

27
Q

reproductive isolation mechanisms

A

prezygotic:
- ecological habitat
- morphology
- temporal
- behavioural

post mating:
- gene moratlity
- in-viable offspring
- viable offspring that can’t reproduce

28
Q

insect mating systems

A
  • communication
  • resources (energy)
  • rendezvous mating
29
Q

communication based mating system

A

Visual cues:
- display of color, ritual dance/behaviour
- butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, flies

Audio cues:
- mating calls (usually 2 types)
- effective if you’re under the ground
- cicadas, crickets, true bugs, hemipterans, beetles

Chemical pheromones:
- chemicals released into air which diffuse to allow potential mates to follow concentration gradient to potential mate
- anti-aphrodisiac

30
Q

premating isolation example

A

rhagoletis pomonella (manipulation of natural selection)

31
Q

visual cue mating example

A
  • blue morpho butterfly
  • fireflies
32
Q

audio cue mating example

A
  • crickets
  • cicadas
  • death watch beetles
33
Q

chemical cue mating example

A

moths

Insects (2 decks)

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