Quiz 1 Review

Question 1

define what an ARGUMENT is.

Answer 1

set of statements in a particular relationship which can offer support to other statements
- typically has a claim + reason (with support of evidence if we want to prove a claim is true)

Question 2

define PREMISES.

Answer 2

statements that offer support or evidence

Question 3

define CONCLUSIONS.

Answer 3

statement that is being supported with evidence

Question 4

describe ARGUMENT STRUCTURE

Answer 4

must consist of a PREMISE + CONCLUSION
- can have multiple premises but only ONE conclusion

Question 5

describe the process of FINDING the CONCLUSION of an argument.

Answer 5

1. Look for CONCLUSION INDICATOR WORDS
2. Look for PREMISE INDICATOR WORDS
3. Test the FIRST STATEMENT
   - typical to see your thesis/main claim/conclusion
4. Proceed systemically–ask yourself

Question 6

give some examples of CONCLUSION INDICATOR WORDS.

Answer 6

therefore, wherefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, we may conclude, as a result, it follows that, for this reason, implies that, it must be that etc…

**“so” often used during casual speaking

Question 7

give some examples of some PREMISE INDICATOR WORDS

Answer 7

because, since, as, for, given, provided that, assuming that, indicated by, for the reason that, etc…

Question 8

how do you distinguish Deductive and Inductive Arguments?

Answer 8

based on the STRENGTH OF THE INFERENCE
- inferring or drawing a conclusion from out premises

Question 9

define DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Answer 9

• when it asserts that the conclusion necessarily follows the premises
• claimed that the conclusion must be the case

Question 10

define INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Answer 10

• when it asserts that the conclusion probably follows the premises
• it is claimed that the conclusion probably is the case

Question 11

what are the typical deductive arguments (4)?

Answer 11

• conclusion necessarily follows
• mathematical arguments
• definitions
• hypothetical/disjunctive/categorical syllogism

Question 12

what are the typical inductive arguments (7)?

Answer 12

• arguments based on signs
• statistical arguments
• predictions
• historical arguments
• inductive generalizations
  (generalization from a LIMITED NUMBER of SAMPLES)
• argument from analogy/authority
• causal reasoning

Question 13

define ENTHYMEMES

Answer 13

• another name for incomplete arguments
• helps understand arguments better + identify premises and conclusions

Question 14

what are the TWO WAYS an argument can be INCOMPLETE?

Answer 14

1. missing NECESSARY PREMISE
2. UNSTATED CONCLUSION

Question 15

how do we find what’s missing in an argument?

Answer 15

MISSING CONCLUSIONS:
- look for specific CONJUNCTIONS (and) that can help indicate premises
- remember, there is only ONE conclusion within an argument

MISSING PREMISE:
- look for the specific gaps within the argument; the missing “link”
- the conclusion is present in the argument