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PHIL 235 BIOMEDICAL ETHICS > Quiz 1 Prep (Lesson 1 & 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Prep (Lesson 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

HCP

A

Means Healthcare provider. Includes the physicians, technicians, nurses, researchers and any professional related to providing medical services to patients.

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2
Q

Conflict of Interest

A

A situation where a professional’s personal opinion impedes or influences their work.

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3
Q

Advanced Directives

A

A statement made by the patient while they are competent, to be adhered to if they are no longer competent.

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4
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

Letting patients die by withholding treatment.

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5
Q

Active Euthanasia

A

Purposeful actions which cause the death of a patient

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6
Q

Physician-assisted suicide

A

Voluntary suicide with the assistance of a physician.

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7
Q

Eugenics

A

The science of altering the genetic quality of offspring

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8
Q

Allocation

A

The distribution of goods and services, when they could have been used for something else.

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9
Q

Microallocation

A

The decisions revolving around the distribution of resources amongst patients (E.G. one patient getting an organ over another patient who needs it as well)

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10
Q

Commodification

A

The business of the human body. Profiting off of organs, tissue, or even research involving humans.

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11
Q

As of 2014, ___ Million Canadians over the age of __ couldn’t find a regular family physician

A

4.4 Million, 12 years old

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12
Q

___________ is the best way to establish trust in the HCP-Patient relationship

A

Education

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13
Q

Morality

A

The views around how one ought to behave

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14
Q

Morality (philosophical pov)

A

A system of rules that cause individuals to behave in predictable and cooperative ways.

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15
Q

Ethics

A

The study of morality

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16
Q

The 3 types of ethics

A

Metaethics, Normative, Applied

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17
Q

Metaethics

A

The study of ethics itself. The “big questions” such as “are there objective standards” “is there validity to ethical relativism”

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18
Q

Normative Ethics

A

The ethics of how one ought to behave. Statement and principles that prescribe action to people. Consequentialism (Utilitarianism), Non-consequentialism (deontology), virtue theory, and ethics of care

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19
Q

Applied Ethics

A

The ethics of a very specific field. For example, should a physician assist a patient with suicide.

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20
Q

Selfish Egoist

A

The self-interested individual

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21
Q

Enlightened Egoist

A

An individual who accepts the 5 “Cs” to transcend away from selfish egoism

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22
Q

The 5 Cs of the Enlightened Egoist

A

Compromise, co-operation, compassion, Conquer Conflict.

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23
Q

Negative Rights

A

The right to non-interference. The rights that specifically stop someone from interfering with you. The right to not be harmed would prevent someone from hitting or shooting you.

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24
Q

Positive Rights (Welfare Rights)

A

Something that is owed to you. Elementary school and health care are examples of positive rights. The duty-holder is often not specified.

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25
Q

Objectivism

A

The idea that there is a truth despite sentient interpretation of the facts one way or the other.

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26
Q

Deontology

A

A philosophy which is duty based. Regardless of the outcome, one ought to always do what’s right, and let those who have commited the wrongs live with their consequences.

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27
Q

Beneficence

A

Acts which improve the overall quality of life for the patient

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28
Q

Categorical Imperatives

A

From a deontological perspective, there are 2 categorical imperatives. C.I.1 & C.I.2

29
Q

C.I.1

A

The first categorical imperative through which a deontologist must evaluate their actions. Is the action: unconditional and universally binding.

30
Q

C.I.2

A

One can only move to C.I.2 if C.I.1 is respect. C.I.2 is concerned with: does the action respect the moral autonomy of the individual.

31
Q

Inherent Value

A

In Deontology, everyone has inherent value regardless of their perceived contributions to society.

32
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

(1724-1804) Developed Deontology based on Aristotle’s view that human reasoning should be used to discover basic moral law of our reasoning.

33
Q

William David Ross

A

Introduced the prima facie duties into deontology, which is to never violate moral duty without strong or compelling reason.

34
Q

Monolithic vs. Pluralistic Deontology

A

Kant (monolistic) vs. Ross (pluralistic) views on deontology. Pluralistic deontology refers to the prima facie duties that one should seek to uphold, as opposed to Kant’s single unmalleable duty.

35
Q

The 7 prima facie duties of Deontology

A

Fidelity, Reparation, Gratitude, Justice, Beneficence, Self-Improvement, Nonmaleficence

36
Q

Fidelity

A

Keeping your implicit and explicit promises

37
Q

Reparation

A

Right the wrongs one has committed

38
Q

Gratitude

A

Acknowledge service rendered by others.

39
Q

Justice

A

Reward desirable behaviours and thwart the behaviours which erode cooperation. Treat everyone equally. Treat similar cases similarly, treat dissimilar cases dissimilarly

40
Q

Beneficence

A

Advance the good if it doesn’t come at one’s own expense. Do good instead of just avoiding evil.

41
Q

Self-Improvement

A

Improving one’s own virtue or intelligence

42
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Refrain from harming others

43
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Ends justify the means type philosophy. People should always seek the best outcome.

44
Q

Hedonistic Utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Focuses on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

45
Q

Utilitarianism improved upon by __________

A

John Stuart Mill improved hedonistic utilitarianism by adding intellectual pleasure.

46
Q

First Level: ______ Utility

A

Rule utility. The common situations throughout our lives. Rules should cause cooperation and predictable behaviours.

47
Q

Second Level: _______ Utility

A

Act Utility. When rules conflict with each other, a utilitarian should reason which path leads to the greater of the two outcomes.

48
Q

Ethics of Care

A

A feminist philosophy. Ethics of care offers reasoning instead of rules. The more vulnerable a person is, the more care they are owed.

49
Q

Virtue Ethics

A

Seeks the golden mean between any excess of extremes. Virtue ethics focuses on the strengthening of one’s character, to lead to one being more equipped to handle bad situations.

50
Q

Principle of Utility

A

The idea we should cause the most good for the most people and minimize the bad for the most people.

51
Q

Moral Agent

A

Any rational individual capable of understanding their actions and is therefore responsible for them.

52
Q

Moral community

A

A group of people who limit their behaviour to benefit the overall goal of achieving a moral existence. Focus on practical action guidance and conflict resolution.

53
Q

Paternalism

A

The policy or practice of stepping in and making decisions on behalf of others.

54
Q

Strong Paternalism

A

To act on behalf of someone who is deemed competent.

55
Q

Weak Paternalism

A

To act on behalf of someone who is no longer deemed competent.

56
Q

Ethical Subjectivism

A

There are no moral facts in the universe. Focuses on autonomy (self-determinism)

57
Q

Ethical Relativism

A

Ethical statement can be true or false, but only relative to the individuals involved.

58
Q

Ethical Objectivism

A

There are facts in the universe that are unrelated to people’s ability to interpret them.

59
Q

Perfect Duty

A

Something that must always be upheld at all times regardless of circumstance.

60
Q

Imperfect Duty.

A

When someone needs help, you should offer it. Favouring the better outcome.

61
Q

Oaths and codes

A

Oaths are non-binding forms of action. Codes are binding forms of actions. Neither is necessarily morally justified. Codes begin debates they do not end them.

62
Q

Distribution micro and macro.

A

Utilitarianism used for Macro (distribution of care). Deontology, on the Micro level (individual patient)

63
Q

HCP-Patient Relationship Models

A

The paternalistic model. The Agency model. The Contractual model. The friendship model. The Fiduciary model.

64
Q

The paternalistic model

A

Physician holds the final decisions making power. Or only presents the physicians preferred outcome to the patient.

65
Q

The agency model

A

The patient takes the decision for their care and the physician acts as a technical consultant.

66
Q

The contractual model

A

Both the patient and the physician have obligations according to the agreed upon terms of service. Can’t capture the duties of healthcare because care is limited to the contract terms.

67
Q

The friendship model

A

Patient is the decision maker, but the physician is an influencer and treats you like a friend.

68
Q

The fiduciary model

A

Relationship of trust. Belief that the physician has the patients best interests in mind. Respect for the autonomy of the patient.

PHIL 235 BIOMEDICAL ETHICS (1 decks)

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