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PSYC 1010 > Quiz 1/Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1/Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are statistics?

A

Rules and mathematical procedures used to present results of investigations

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2
Q

What are the two broad classes of statistic?

A

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

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3
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Describe observations/relationships (e.g. mean, range). Straight forward. Based on a sample.

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4
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

They take observations and make conclusions beyond people you observe. They make generalizations about a population. Involves probability.

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5
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A way of finding things out about the world. It is a combination of objective observation (descriptive stats) and reasoning/logic.

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6
Q

What is inductive logic?

A

Inductive logic goes from a specific premise, and makes a generalization to a general conclusion. Ex. My cat has fleas so all cats have fleas. Uses inferential stats.

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7
Q

What is deductive logic?

A

Goes from a general premise to specific conclusion, not using statistics. All cats have fleas, therefore my cat has fleas.

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8
Q

What is a variable?

A

An attribute/property/condition being observed.

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9
Q

What are the goals of the scientific method?

A

1 - Objectively observe and describe lawful relationships b/n variables (descriptive stats)
2 - Predict new observations/generalize using inductive logic.
3 - Explain why observed relationship occurs (Theory)

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10
Q

What is a constant?

A

An attribute that only takes on one value (ex. room full of people with same hair colour).

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11
Q

How many variables must be involved in a relationship?

A

2

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12
Q

What is sampling error?

A

The sample may not be representative of the population. A larger sample = less chance of error.

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13
Q

What is the difference b/n theory and an observation?

A

Theory gives a REASON for association

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14
Q

How do you test a theory?

A

Theory > Operational Definition > IV and DV > Experimental Hypothesis > Sample > Random Assignment > Make observations > Descriptive Stats > Inferential Stats > Leap back to theory

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15
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

Defines variables in terms of operation you use to measure it.

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16
Q

What is an experimental hypothesis?

A

Explaining what you expect to happen (NOT why)

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17
Q

What is a random sample?

A

Sample randomly chose from entire population (rare)

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18
Q

What is a convenience sample?

A

Uses sample that is available (ex. uni students)

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19
Q

What can bring about error in the scientific method?

A

Problems in operational definition (not measuring what is intended, confounds (extraneous/nuisance variables), and sampling error (atypical sample)

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20
Q

Why are the type of study/scale important?

A

Helps determine what type of statistical analysis, determines proper way to graph, and determines strength of conclusions.

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21
Q

What is a manipulated variable?

A

Experimentor controls, makes it one way, determines condition

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22
Q

What is a measured variable?

A

Observe and if possible, quantify/categorize

23
Q

What is the nominal scale of measurement?

A

Simplest - categories. Qualitative.

24
Q

What is the ordinal scale of measurement?

A

Ranking (e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd). Distances b/n intervals may not be equal. Can’t do averages.

25
Q

What is the interval scale of measurement?

A

Rating scales, personality tests. Quantitative. Equal intervals. Can use averages.

26
Q

What is the ratio scale of measurement?

A

Quantitative. Equal size intervals. True zero point. Can use ‘2x’.

27
Q

What is a true experiment?

A

All IV are manipulated. Random assignment. DV measured. Testing a theory. Use a bar or line graph.

28
Q

What is a correlational study?

A

Least control. All variables are measured - no manipulations, No IV or DV. Use correlation coefficient ‘r’. Use a scatter plot to show an association. One variable does not necessarily cause another.

29
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

One or more non-manipulated IV. Divide participants into groups based on previously existing conditions. Only measured variables.

30
Q

What is the difference b/n real and apparent limits?

A

Real limits are in between intervals (eg 8.5-9.5), and apparent limits are values of scores that are highest and lowest in an interval (eg 9)

31
Q

When are grouped frequency distributions used?

A

When you have a wide range in variable you are measuring.

32
Q

What are grouped frequency distributions?

A

Frequency distributions made up of an ordered list of class intervals.

33
Q

What is a class interval?

A

Lower limit - Upper limit

34
Q

What are the rules for a professional looking frequency distribution?

A

1 - 5-15 Class intervals
2 - Convenient counting interval size
3 - All intervals equal size
4 - Lower limits have to be even multiples of chosen interval size

35
Q

How do you make a frequency distribution?

A

1 - Calculate # of rows (Range+1)
2 - Divide by 10 to get interval size
3 - Choose convenient counting interval
4 - Make lowest apparent limit = multiple of interval size.

36
Q

How many decimals of accuracy do we need?

A

2

37
Q

What does a normal distribution look like?

A

Bell curve, symmetrical

38
Q

What does a positive skew look like?

A

Tail to the right. Average is higher than most scores.

39
Q

What does a negative skew look like?

A

Tail to the left. Average is lower than most scores.

40
Q

What does central tendency tell you?

A

The typical score.

41
Q

What is the mode?

A

Most common score. Can be no mode or more than one. Can also be used with nominal data.

42
Q

What is variability?

A

Individual differences within the data. Variability determines whether measures of central tendency are accurate.

43
Q

What are some measures of variability?

A

Range, standard deviation

44
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

Typical distance between each score and the mean. (Population /n, and sample /(n-1) )

45
Q

What is the definitional formula for SS?

A

SS = Sum(X-M)^2

46
Q

What is the variance?

A

SD^2. The squared typical distance between each point and the mean.

47
Q

What are statistics?

A

Set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information

48
Q

What is a parameter?

A

Value of numbers that describes a population

49
Q

What is a nonequivalent groups study?

A

Research in which collections of participants are formed without the researcher controlling assignment

50
Q

What is a pre-post study?

A

Evaluation of a treatment’s effect by comparing observations before and after the treatment

51
Q

What does biased mean?

A

Description of a statistic for which the average value is unequal to the parameter

52
Q

What does unbiased mean?

A

Description of a statistic for which the average value is equal to the population parameter

53
Q

What is a biased statistic?

A

Metric that consistently tends to over/underestimate the population parameter

54
Q

What is an unbiased statistic?

A

Metric that provides an accurate estimate of the corresponding population parameter

PSYC 1010 (1 decks)

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