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Environmental Chemistry > Quiz 1 Matterial > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Matterial Flashcards

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1
Q

1 Dobson Unit DU is equivalent to how many cm?

A

0.001

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2
Q

1 Dobson Unit DU is equivalent to how many mm?

A

0.01

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3
Q

Spacial distribution of ozone in the Arctic

A

~450-550 DU

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4
Q

Spacial distribution of ozone in the temperate

A

~300-375 DU

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5
Q

Spacial distribution of ozone in the tropics

A

~225-250 DU

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6
Q

Spacial distribution in the ozone hole

A

~150 DU

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7
Q

UV light range for UVA

A

320-420 nm

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8
Q

UV light range for UVB

A

280-320 nm

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9
Q

UV light range for UVC

A

200-280 nm

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10
Q

How much UV is removed by O2

A

Most of UVC

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11
Q

How much UV is removed by O3

A

All of UVC and most of UVB

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12
Q

How much UV makes it to earth

A

All of UVA and some of UVB

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13
Q

rxn 1: O2—->O+O

A

+Delta H
Endothermic
Photo-chemical
How O3 is formed

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14
Q

rxn 2: O2+O—>O3+Heat

A

-Delta H
Exothermic
How O3 is formed

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15
Q

rxn 3: O+O—>O2+Heat

A

Removes an O that could have formed O3 by reaction 2
-Delta H
Exothermic

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16
Q

rxn 4: O3—>O2+O

A

How O3 protects us from UV
O2 is formed and can produce another O3 via rxn 2
How O3 is destroyed
+Delta H
Endothermic
Photochemical

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17
Q

rxn 5: O3+O—>2O2

A

Does not happen much and requires high energy impact
+Delta H 18kJ/mol
endothermic
How O3 is destroyed

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18
Q

Regions of the Atmosphere: Stratosphere

A

Temp increases with increasing altitude (-56 to -2 Celsius)
Stratified
Rxn 2 &3 related to O3 are exothermic and cause temp trend
Altitude 16-50 km

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19
Q

Regions of the Atmosphere: Tropopause

A

Where temp vs altitude trend changes
-56 Celsius
Altitude 10-15 km

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20
Q

Regions of the Atmosphere: Troposphere

A

Temp decreases with increasing altitude
Well mixed except H2O
IR from surface of earth releases heat
25 to -56 Celsius
Altitude 0-9 km

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21
Q

Regions of the Stratosphere: Upper

A

Very thin air
Few molecules
High UV light intensity
Main form of the element oxygen is O
No O2 for rxn 2 therefore no O3 is produced
Most likely fate of O is to hit another O

22
Q

Regions of the Stratosphere: Mid

A

This air but denser than upper
Less intense UV but still some
Main form of oxygen is O2
Most likely fate of O is to hit an O2 molecule
Rxn 2 happens in this zone so it is the max zone of O3 producation

23
Q

Regions of the stratosphere: Lower

A

Air more dense
No UVC needed to produce O via O2->O+O
No O
No O2+O->O3
No O3 formation

24
Q

Mechanism I

A

Step I: X+O3—>OX+O2
Step II: OX+O—>X+O2
Net Rxn: O3+O—>2O2

25
Q

Mechanism II

A

Step I: O3+X—>OX+O2
Step II: O3+X—>OX+O2
Step III: OX+OX—>X+X+O2
Net Rxn: 2O3—>3O2

26
Q

Natural X Catalysts

A

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Hydroxyl Radical (HO)

27
Q

Natural X Catalyst Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

From soil bacteria
From lightning
Gets rained out
Destroys O3 via mechanism II

28
Q

Natural X Catalyst Hydroxyl Radical (HO)

A

Produced everywhere
Destroys O3 via mechanism I & II
Most overall important natural X catalyst

29
Q

Active forms of Cl

A

Cl, ClO, 2Cl

30
Q

Deactivated forms of Cl

A

HCl, ClONO2, Cl

31
Q

Activation rxns

A

OH+HCL—>H2O+Cl
ClONO2—>ClO+NO2
Cl2—>2Cl

32
Q

Deactivation rxns

A

Cl+CH4—>HCL+CH3
ClO+NO2—>ClONO2

33
Q

Five steps for Atlantic Ozone whole formation

A

1) South pole winter conditions
2) Temperature drop vortex forms
3) Polar stratospheric cloud formation (PSC)
4) Light reappears
5) Deactivation

34
Q

Atlantic Ozone whole formation step 1

A

No sun
Therefore no O2—>O+O
So no O3 production
No heat from O+O2—>O3
Therefore very cold -80 celsius

35
Q

Atlantic Ozone whole formation step 2

A

Decrease in Temp
Low pressure system forms
vortex forms 300mph
Isolates airmass
no O3 production

36
Q

Atlantic Ozone whole formation step 3

A

Net rxn ClONO2+HCl—>HNO3+Cl2

37
Q

Atlantic Ozone whole formation step 4

A

Cl2—>2Cl activated Chlorine
Mechanism I or II destroys O3

38
Q

Atlantic Ozone whole formation step 5

A

Temp increases
PSC melt above -80 celsius
HNO3 from PSC
Mechanism I
O3 recovers

39
Q

CFC Replacements

A

C2HF5, CH2FCF3, C2H4F2, blends of C2H3F3 and CH2F2

40
Q

CFC Replacements C2HF5

A

Refrigerants and Fire fighting
Lifetime 29 Years

41
Q

CFC Replacements CH2FCF3

A

Air conditioners
Inhalers
Fire suppressants
foam blowing
Lifetime 9.6 years

42
Q

CFC Replacements C2H4F2

A

Spray cans
lifetime 1.4 years

43
Q

Primary Pollutants

A

Car exhaust
Power Plants
Natural sources

44
Q

Secondary Pollutants

A

Transformation products produced by photo-chemical reactions e.g organic compounds, O3, HNO3

45
Q

Smog

A

A mix of O3, organic compounds, HNO3
Produced by photochemical reactions
VOC’s+NOx—>organic compounds+HNO3+O3

46
Q

Conditions favorable for smog

A

Traffic
Sunlight and warm temps
Stagnant air mass (warm over cold) usually caused by mountains

47
Q

Smog timeline

A

8am NO up
12 NO2 up
5pm HNO3 and O3 up
organic compounds from photochemical reactions rise throughout the day
VOC’s rise till late morning then fall off through the rest of the day

48
Q

1st catalytic converters on cars in the 70s

A

Run carburetor fuel RICH excess fuel
Use up all O2 so no NOx production
VOCs released from engine get oxidized in catalytic converter

49
Q

2nd Catalytic converters on cars in the 80s

A

Run carburetor fuel LEAN excess O2
Use up all fuel so no VOC release
NOx produced in engine gets reduced in catalytic converter

50
Q

General Bond energy rule

A

Stronger energy bond wins

Environmental Chemistry (5 decks)

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