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General Pathology > Quiz 1 Material > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is accumulation of ROS?

A

Oxidative stress

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2
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decreased blood flow to an organ

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3
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Decreased oxygen to an organ

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4
Q

In defects in membrane permeability, what do phospholipids do?

A

Decrease productions and increase breakdown

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5
Q

Severe oxidative stress, irradiation and abnormal protein folding lead to what?

A

DNA and protein damage

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6
Q

DNA and protein damage can stimulate what?

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

What happens in aerobic metabolism in an ischemic cell?

A

Mitochondrial damage= decreased ATP, increased ROS

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8
Q

What happens in anaerobic metabolism in an ischemic cell?

A

Glycolysis substrates are decreased, and waste production in increased

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9
Q

Is persistent ischemia reversible?

A

No, it is an irreversible injury–> necrosis and minimal apoptosis

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10
Q

What is direct chemical injury?

A

Combination with cellular organelles, cells can absorb, use, excrete, or store a toxin. Also inhibits use of ATP or damage membranes

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11
Q

What is an indirect chemical injury?

A

Biologic conversion produces a reactive metabolite. Cytochrome P-450: smooth ER and liver
ROS–> membrane damage
Acetaminophen: toxic metabolite

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12
Q

Can large amounts of acetaminophen affect the liver long term?

A

Yes sir. Too much creates C-reactive metabolites and can produce tissue necrosis

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13
Q

What is steatosis?

A

Abnormal accumulation of lipids (triglycerides)

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14
Q

Where does steatosis occur?

A

In parenchyma tissue- located in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney

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15
Q

What is it called to have normal wear and tear pigments, usually in the elderly?

A

Lipofuscin

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16
Q

What are carbon pigments called?

A

Anthracosis

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17
Q

What type of tissue does dystrophic calcification occur in?

A

Damaged tissue, necrotic cells

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18
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Accumulation of Calcium within damaged tissue due to traumatized cells from injury or aging

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19
Q

Does dystrophic calcification have normal or abnormal Ca++ metabolism?

A

Normal Calcium metabolism, normal calcium homeostasis

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20
Q

What type of tissue does metastatic calcification occur in?

A

Normal tissues

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21
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Accumulation of Calcium within normal tissues

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22
Q

Does metastatic calcification have normal or abnormal Ca++ metabolism?

A

Abnormal Calcium metabolism/ homeostasis–> Hypercalcemia

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23
Q

What is it called when you have an increase in serum Calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia

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24
Q

Can metastatic calcification deposit into any tissue?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are the common sites for metastatic calcification?

A

Vessels, kidneys, lungs, G.I. Tract

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26
Q

What involves telomere shortening and limitation of the capacity for a cell to replicate?

A

Replicative senescence

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27
Q

What involves decreased cell synthesis and increased turnover resulting in greater misfolding leading to apoptosis?

A

Defective protein homeostasis

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28
Q

What is DNA damaged accelerated by?

A

ROS

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29
Q

Which cells have a high level of telomerase?

A

Germ cells

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30
Q

Which cells have a low level of telomerase?

A

Stem cells

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31
Q

Which cells do not have any telomerase?

A

Somatic cells

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32
Q

Are cancer cells able to become reactivated and reactivate telomerase activity?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

A white blood cell

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34
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neurtrophis, eosinophils, basophils

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35
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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36
Q

What does PMNs stand for?

A

Polymorphonuclear WBC (Granulocytes)

37
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

38
Q

What is another name for agranulocytes?

A

Mononuclear

39
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells (give rise to plasma cells, which give rise to antibodies) and NK cells (natural killer)

40
Q

What do monocytes give rise to?

A

Macrophages

41
Q

What are eosinophils associated with?

A

In and out allergic responses

42
Q

What are basophils associated with?

A

To prevent overproduction of clots

43
Q

What are the 5 Rs of inflammation/

A
  1. Recognize the injury/ microbe
  2. Recruit leukocytes (WBC)
  3. Remove agent (phagocytosis)
  4. Regulate (control) response
  5. Resolution & repair
44
Q

What are cardinal signals of inflammation?

A 
Rubor: redness
Calor: heat
Tumor: swelling
Dolor: pain
Functio laesa: loss of funciton
45
Q

What is typical, short-lived inflammation associated with?

A

Edema

46
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with rapid onset and last for minutes–> days?

A

Acute inflammation

47
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with prominent local and systemic signs?

A

Acute inflammation

48
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with neutrophils?

A

Acute inflammation

49
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with no fibrosis?

A

Acute inflammation

50
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with insidious onset lasting days–> years?

A

Chronic inflammation

51
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with few systemic signs?

A

Chronic inflammation

52
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with angiogenesis?

A

Chronic inflammation

53
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with fibrosis?

A

Chronic inflammation

54
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells?

A

Chronic inflammation

55
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated will be visible in a clinical setting?

A

Acute inflammation

56
Q

Which type of inflammation is associated will not be visible in a clinical setting?

A

Chronic inflammation

57
Q

What are the two major components of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular change

2. Leukocyte recruitment and activation (aka cellular events)

58
Q

What recognizes all types of infectious pathogens?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

59
Q

How do cells recognize harmful agents?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

60
Q

Where are TLRs located on the cell?

A

On the outer surface of cells–> within plasma membrane

61
Q

What recognizes products of dead cells, such as uric acid and ATP, and crystals?

A

Inflammasomes

62
Q

Where are inflammasomes located in the cell?

A

Found within the cell, floating in fluid –> within cytoplasm

63
Q

What do vessels alter?

A

Caliber, blood flow, and permeability

64
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Increased blood flow

65
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness

66
Q

What does vasodilation stimulate?

A

Redness and warmth

67
Q

Increased permeability leads to an increase in what?

A

Fluid–> target tissue

68
Q

An increase in permeability does what to the viscosity?

A

Increases viscosity

69
Q

What is stasis?

A

Viscosity

70
Q

Increased viscosity does what to the WBCs?

A

WBC’s collect along the vascular wall

71
Q

What is margination?

A

When WBC’s collect along vascular wall to move into the tissue

72
Q

What is migration?

A

Diapedesis, transmigration, extravasation, emigration

73
Q

What does increase permeability do to the osmotic gradient?

A

It reverses the osmotic gradient

74
Q

What is the main mechanism for vascular change?

A

Endothelial contraction

75
Q

What happens when there is an increase in solutes in the cell?

A

There will be an increase in water, because water follows solutes

76
Q

What is endothelia contraction?

A

Histamine binding–> gaps in postcapillary venulues for 15-30 minutes after acute inflammation

77
Q

What is endothelial necrosis?

A

Leakage until repaired due to severe burns, infections and irradiation

78
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels to permit cellular swelling

79
Q

What happens from leakage of angiogenesis?

A

New vessels have immature (leaky) endothelia cells

80
Q

What is exudate?

A

Protein-rich fluid accumulation

81
Q

What is transudate?

A

Protein- poor fluid accumulation

82
Q

Is there extra pressure on transudate cells?

A

Yes, extra pressure of cells

83
Q

What happens to lymphatic flow during inflammation?

A

Flow is increased

84
Q

What is the lymphatic response during inflammation?

A

Edema, since the flow is increased the lymphatic drainage cannot keep up and swelling occurs

85
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

General disorder of lymph notes

86
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Inflamed lymph notes, increased size and pain

87
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflamed lymphatic channel

88
Q

What is leukocyte recruitment?

A

Delivered to target tissues to kill microbes and remove cellular debris

89
Q

What are the 4 steps of leukocyte recruitment?

A
  1. Margination and rolling
  2. Firm adhesion to endothelium
  3. Transmigration between endothelial cells
  4. Chemotaxis toward target tissue

General Pathology (1 decks)

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