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General Pathology > Quiz 1 Material > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is accumulation of ROS?

A

Oxidative stress

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2
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decreased blood flow to an organ

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3
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Decreased oxygen to an organ

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4
Q

In defects in membrane permeability, what do phospholipids do?

A

Decrease productions and increase breakdown

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5
Q

Severe oxidative stress, irradiation and abnormal protein folding lead to what?

A

DNA and protein damage

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6
Q

DNA and protein damage can stimulate what?

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

What happens in aerobic metabolism in an ischemic cell?

A

Mitochondrial damage= decreased ATP, increased ROS

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8
Q

What happens in anaerobic metabolism in an ischemic cell?

A

Glycolysis substrates are decreased, and waste production in increased

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9
Q

Is persistent ischemia reversible?

A

No, it is an irreversible injury–> necrosis and minimal apoptosis

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10
Q

What is direct chemical injury?

A

Combination with cellular organelles, cells can absorb, use, excrete, or store a toxin. Also inhibits use of ATP or damage membranes

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11
Q

What is an indirect chemical injury?

A

Biologic conversion produces a reactive metabolite. Cytochrome P-450: smooth ER and liver
ROS–> membrane damage
Acetaminophen: toxic metabolite

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12
Q

Can large amounts of acetaminophen affect the liver long term?

A

Yes sir. Too much creates C-reactive metabolites and can produce tissue necrosis

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13
Q

What is steatosis?

A

Abnormal accumulation of lipids (triglycerides)

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14
Q

Where does steatosis occur?

A

In parenchyma tissue- located in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney

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15
Q

What is it called to have normal wear and tear pigments, usually in the elderly?

A

Lipofuscin

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16
Q

What are carbon pigments called?

A

Anthracosis

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17
Q

What type of tissue does dystrophic calcification occur in?

A

Damaged tissue, necrotic cells

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18
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Accumulation of Calcium within damaged tissue due to traumatized cells from injury or aging

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19
Q

Does dystrophic calcification have normal or abnormal Ca++ metabolism?

A

Normal Calcium metabolism, normal calcium homeostasis

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20
Q

What type of tissue does metastatic calcification occur in?

A

Normal tissues

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21
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Accumulation of Calcium within normal tissues

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22
Q

Does metastatic calcification have normal or abnormal Ca++ metabolism?

A

Abnormal Calcium metabolism/ homeostasis–> Hypercalcemia

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23
Q

What is it called when you have an increase in serum Calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia

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24
Q

Can metastatic calcification deposit into any tissue?

A

Yes

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25
What are the common sites for metastatic calcification?
Vessels, kidneys, lungs, G.I. Tract
26
What involves telomere shortening and limitation of the capacity for a cell to replicate?
Replicative senescence
27
What involves decreased cell synthesis and increased turnover resulting in greater misfolding leading to apoptosis?
Defective protein homeostasis
28
What is DNA damaged accelerated by?
ROS
29
Which cells have a high level of telomerase?
Germ cells
30
Which cells have a low level of telomerase?
Stem cells
31
Which cells do not have any telomerase?
Somatic cells
32
Are cancer cells able to become reactivated and reactivate telomerase activity?
Yes
33
What is a leukocyte?
A white blood cell
34
What are the types of leukocytes?
Lymphocytes, monocytes, neurtrophis, eosinophils, basophils
35
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
36
What does PMNs stand for?
Polymorphonuclear WBC (Granulocytes)
37
What are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
38
What is another name for agranulocytes?
Mononuclear
39
What are lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells (give rise to plasma cells, which give rise to antibodies) and NK cells (natural killer)
40
What do monocytes give rise to?
Macrophages
41
What are eosinophils associated with?
In and out allergic responses
42
What are basophils associated with?
To prevent overproduction of clots
43
What are the 5 Rs of inflammation/
1. Recognize the injury/ microbe 2. Recruit leukocytes (WBC) 3. Remove agent (phagocytosis) 4. Regulate (control) response 5. Resolution & repair
44
What are cardinal signals of inflammation?
``` Rubor: redness Calor: heat Tumor: swelling Dolor: pain Functio laesa: loss of funciton ```
45
What is typical, short-lived inflammation associated with?
Edema
46
Which type of inflammation is associated with rapid onset and last for minutes--> days?
Acute inflammation
47
Which type of inflammation is associated with prominent local and systemic signs?
Acute inflammation
48
Which type of inflammation is associated with neutrophils?
Acute inflammation
49
Which type of inflammation is associated with no fibrosis?
Acute inflammation
50
Which type of inflammation is associated with insidious onset lasting days--> years?
Chronic inflammation
51
Which type of inflammation is associated with few systemic signs?
Chronic inflammation
52
Which type of inflammation is associated with angiogenesis?
Chronic inflammation
53
Which type of inflammation is associated with fibrosis?
Chronic inflammation
54
Which type of inflammation is associated with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells?
Chronic inflammation
55
Which type of inflammation is associated will be visible in a clinical setting?
Acute inflammation
56
Which type of inflammation is associated will not be visible in a clinical setting?
Chronic inflammation
57
What are the two major components of acute inflammation?
1. Vascular change | 2. Leukocyte recruitment and activation (aka cellular events)
58
What recognizes all types of infectious pathogens?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
59
How do cells recognize harmful agents?
Pattern recognition receptors
60
Where are TLRs located on the cell?
On the outer surface of cells--> within plasma membrane
61
What recognizes products of dead cells, such as uric acid and ATP, and crystals?
Inflammasomes
62
Where are inflammasomes located in the cell?
Found within the cell, floating in fluid --> within cytoplasm
63
What do vessels alter?
Caliber, blood flow, and permeability
64
What is vasodilation?
Increased blood flow
65
What is erythema?
Redness
66
What does vasodilation stimulate?
Redness and warmth
67
Increased permeability leads to an increase in what?
Fluid--> target tissue
68
An increase in permeability does what to the viscosity?
Increases viscosity
69
What is stasis?
Viscosity
70
Increased viscosity does what to the WBCs?
WBC's collect along the vascular wall
71
What is margination?
When WBC's collect along vascular wall to move into the tissue
72
What is migration?
Diapedesis, transmigration, extravasation, emigration
73
What does increase permeability do to the osmotic gradient?
It reverses the osmotic gradient
74
What is the main mechanism for vascular change?
Endothelial contraction
75
What happens when there is an increase in solutes in the cell?
There will be an increase in water, because water follows solutes
76
What is endothelia contraction?
Histamine binding--> gaps in postcapillary venulues for 15-30 minutes after acute inflammation
77
What is endothelial necrosis?
Leakage until repaired due to severe burns, infections and irradiation
78
What is angiogenesis?
Formation of new blood vessels to permit cellular swelling
79
What happens from leakage of angiogenesis?
New vessels have immature (leaky) endothelia cells
80
What is exudate?
Protein-rich fluid accumulation
81
What is transudate?
Protein- poor fluid accumulation
82
Is there extra pressure on transudate cells?
Yes, extra pressure of cells
83
What happens to lymphatic flow during inflammation?
Flow is increased
84
What is the lymphatic response during inflammation?
Edema, since the flow is increased the lymphatic drainage cannot keep up and swelling occurs
85
What is lymphadenopathy?
General disorder of lymph notes
86
What is lymphadenitis?
Inflamed lymph notes, increased size and pain
87
What is lymphangitis?
Inflamed lymphatic channel
88
What is leukocyte recruitment?
Delivered to target tissues to kill microbes and remove cellular debris
89
What are the 4 steps of leukocyte recruitment?
1. Margination and rolling 2. Firm adhesion to endothelium 3. Transmigration between endothelial cells 4. Chemotaxis toward target tissue

General Pathology (1 decks)

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