Quiz 1 (lectures 1 & 2)

Question 1

Symptomatology: Overt

Answer 1

What you can see of the stuttering/the part we hear, prolongations, blocks, repetitions

Question 2

Symptomatology: Covert

Answer 2

Hidden, the emotion, the anxiety, the feelings, the escape and avoidance behaviors

Question 3

Symptomatology: Physical concomitants

Answer 3

Body and head movements
distracting sounds, facial grimaces

Question 4

Define stuttering

Answer 4

• Communication disorder
• Non-fluent speech
• Atypical

Question 5

3 typical disfluencies

Answer 5

• Interjections
• Repeating whole words
• Not finishing a thought

Question 6

3 atypical disfluencies

Answer 6

• Blocks
• Prolongation
• Part-word repetition

Question 7

Blocks

Answer 7

A pause, a stop, heaving breathing, muscle tension
“_____ toy” “I want (pause) cookie”

Question 8

Prolongations

Answer 8

Length is increased, disturbance in the normal rhythm of words
“Mmmmmmy” “cooooookie”

Question 9

Part-word repetition

Answer 9

Multiple repetitions of sounds or syllables in words
“B-but” “thi-thi-this”

Question 10

4 risk factors/causes of stuttering

Answer 10

• Genetics
• Child development: children with speech/language problems=more likely to stutter
• Neurophysiology: cognitive differences
• Environmental: family and lifestyle differences

Question 11

What is the difference between persistent and early stuttering?

Answer 11

• Persistent: after age 6, disorder continues to lifetime, no recovery
• Early stuttering: chance for recovery, seen in children, before age 6

Question 12

2 types of intervention for child who stutters

Answer 12

• Direct: motoric techniques to reduce stutter
• Indirect: environmental changes parent training

Question 13

Types of intervention for adults who stutter

Answer 13

• Motoric: fluency shaping
• Sensory: auditory feedback
• Medications
• Counseling

Question 14

What are the effects of stuttering on a person who stutters?

Answer 14

• Can be emotionally and socially challenging
• Overall quality of life, anxiety, avoid certain situations, fearful to speak
• Avoid jobs and social interactions.
  occupational, educational, social, mental impacts

Question 15

4 main models/perspectives of stuttering

Answer 15

• Psychological
• Learning
• Physiological
• Multifactorial

Question 16

Psychological

Answer 16

Something psychological/mental that is causing stuttering

Question 17

Learning

Answer 17

Anticipate stutter, it is a learned behavior by the speaker

Question 18

Physiological

Answer 18

Person has the ability to speak, but there is a fluency breakdown such as stress

Question 19

Multifactorial

Answer 19

Combination of factors that result in stuttering, varies by person and situation

Question 20

Demand and Capacity Model

Answer 20

• Internal environmental factors play a role and put demands on a child that are outside of their capacity
• The child is stuttering because there are too many demands on them and they are not receiving proper support
  *demands of speaker surpass their abilities
• Guides treatment - match demands with ability

Question 21

Cerebral Dominance Theory

Answer 21

• Lack dominance of the left hemisphere
• Parents made children who were lefties to be right-handed, and that change caused stuttering

Question 22

Covert Repair Hypothesis

Answer 22

• Disfluencies are the result of correcting phonological errors
• There is a correlation between phonological disorders and stuttering

Question 23

Cognitive/Linguistic Motor Sequencing Theory

Answer 23

Difficulty with sequencing patterns of speech, issues with decoding, stuttering is a result of a combination of inefficient linguistic processing, difficulty with sensory motor skills

Question 24

Genetics

Answer 24

One or more genes may be responsible for stuttering. Genes interact with environmental factors (life style, beliefs, diet) or can be from an individual (birth order within the family, illness or trauma)

Question 25

2 theories of the Learning model

Answer 25

• Anticipatory-Struggle Model: child is fearful of communicating, anticipates the stutter and struggles to avoid it. If people could forget they stutter, they would not have further difficulty with speech.
• Diagnosogenic Theory: the problem is caused by a diagnosis. The disfluencies are diagnosed by the parents. The parents cause the development of stuttering by falsely believing their child had a stutter when they actually had normal disfluencies.

Question 26

How would you answer if a parent asks you “Why is my child stuttering?”

Answer 26

There is no one answer, a lot of factors can play a role into why your child is stuttering. (consider the age of the child: younger or older than 6?)
“we can discuss some of the risk factors associated with stuttering to help you understand”

Question 27

How can you demonstrate your competence as a clinician on stuttering?

Answer 27

Provide evidence based practice, take information from research and apply to therapy