Quiz 1 Lecture Flashcards
Define enthesis.
A clear progression from tendon to fibrocartilage to mineralized fibrocartilage to bone at the attachment of muscle to bone.
What protects tendons as they lie close to bones?
Sesamoid bone, fibrocartilage, synovial bursa, or tendon/synovial sheath
What are the different types of bones?
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, and flat bones
Give an example of a short bone.
Carpal bones
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Vertebral bones
Give an example of a flat bone.
Cranial bones
What is a pneumatic bone?
Bones filled with air, makes them lightweight.
What is a visceral bone?
Bones found in organs to add support.
What is the nutrient foramen?
The area of bone that the main artery enters the bone, oblique to the long axis of the bone.
What other arteries supply the bone?
Epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries.
What is particular about the blood supply to long bones?
Supply starts towards the center of the bone and collects at the peripheries.
Are the lymph vessels and nerves in the bone?
No lymphatic vessels but they do have nerves that accompany the larger blood vessels.
What comprise the exoskeleton in mammals?
Hooves, horns, and toenails.
Which sesamoid bone is located between the lateral carpal bones?
The sesamoid bone of the abductor digiti I longus.
At what age does the proximal epiphysis of the humerous ossifyin dogs and cats?
Dogs: 10-15 months
Cats: 18-24 months
At what age do the distal epiphyses of the radius and ulna ossify in dogs and cats?
Dogs: 6-12 months
Cats: 14-25 months
What structures pass through the obturator forament?
The obturator nerve and blood vessels
How is the feline scapula different from the dog scapula?
The spine of the scapula is more developed in felines, it has a tuberosity of the spine and a second process on the acromion. These processes are instead named the hamate process (cranial) and the supra-hamate process (caudal).
How is the feline humerus different from the dog humerus?
The cat humerus has a supracondylar foramen instead of a supratrochlear foramen where the crachial artery and median nerve pass in the cat (but nothing passes in the canine foramen)
Describe a fibrous joint.
Connects bones via fibrous connective tissue in a short, transitory, and direct manner. Slight or no movement.
What are the types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis
Describe a syndesmosis and give examples.
Fibrous joint with a lot of connective tissue. Eg. tibio-fibular articulation, temporo-hyoid articulation.
What are the three types of suture joints? Describe them.
Serrated sutures are alternating processes and depressions on articular edges.
Squamous sutures are overlapping of reciprocally beveled edges.
Plane sutures are bones meeting at a right angle
What is a gomphosis?
Specialised articulation of the teeth, also called the periodontal membrane.
At what age do the illiac crest and pelvic symphesis ossify in dogs?
15 months - 5 years
At what age does the ischial tuber and caudal border of the ischium ossify in dogs?
8-14 months
At what age does the lesser trochanter ossify in dogs?
8-13 months
At what age does the distal epiphysis of the femur ossify in dogs and cats?
Dogs: 6-12 months
Cats: 13-19 months
At what age does the proximal epiphysis of the tibia ossify in dogs and cats?
Dogs: 6-15 months
Cats: 12-18 months
At what age do the proximal and distal epihyses ossify in dogs and cats?
Dogs: 5-13 months
Cats: 10-18 months
At what age does the calcanean tuber ossify in dogs and cats?
Dogs: 3-8 months
Cats: 7-13 months
Describe a cartilaginous joint.
Made of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage or a combination of both. Permits some compression and stretching
What are the two types of cartilagenous joints?
Hyaline cartilage joint and fibrocartilage joint.
Give an example of a hyaline cartilage joint.
Epiphyseal growth plate
Give an example of a fibrocartilaginous joint.
Pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
Describe a synovial joint.
Has a joint cavity, capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage. Permits the greatest degree of movements.
Describe a flat joint.
Flat surfaces, allows slight gliding movements.
Describe a ball and socket joint.
Convex head fits into a cotyloid cavity. Allows multiaxial movements.
Describe an ellipsoidal joint.
Convex and concave surfaces fit into each other but are wider and form an eclipse shape. Allows biaxial movements, limited multiaxial.
Describe a hinge joint.
Monoaxial, mainly allows flexion and extension.
Describe a condylar joint.
Articular surface includes condyles that fit into reciprocal depressions of adjacent bone.
Describe a pivot joint.
Movement of the joint is around the longitudinal axis.
Describe a saddle joint.
Apposing surfaces are convex in one direction and concave in the other. Allows flexion and extension.
Define synsarcosis.
A joint made of muscle attachments alone.
How can the shoulder joint be classified?
Simple synovial, ball and socket joint.
What is particular about the shoulder joint?
In the interterbecular groove, the tendon of the biceps brachii lies and is held in place by the transverse humeral retinaculum and is protected by the bicipital bursa, an extension of the joint capsule.
What tendons are associated with the shoulder joint?
The transverse humeral ligament and the lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments.
What are the actions of the shoulder joint?
Flexion and extension
Which muscles act as active ligaments of the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and teres major muscles
Define varus.
The outward (lateral) dislocation of the limbs due to joint weakness.
Define valgus.
The inward (medial) dislocation of the limbs due to joint weakness.
How can the elbow joint be classfied?
Compound synovial, hinge joint.
What are the ligaments associated with the elbow joint?
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments, oblique ligament, annular ligament, and olecranon ligament.
Which ligament of the elbow is elastic in nature?
The olecranon ligament.
How would you describe the carpal joint?
Compound synovial, hinge joint.
What are the joints of the carpal joint?
Antebrachiocarpal joint,
middle carpal joint,
carpometacarpal joint
Which carpal joint shares synovial fluid with another?
The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint
What ligaments are associated with the carpal joints?
collateral ligaments, flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
Which carpal joint opens the widest?
The antebrachiocarpal joint
What other structures are associated with the carpal joints?
The palmar carpal fibrocartilage, the flexor retinaculum (forms the carpal canal)
Where is the flexor tubercle and which muscle has a tendon that inserts on it?
The flexor tubercle is on the palmar surface of the distal phalanx and the tendon of the deep digital flexor inserts there.
Which muscle is associated with the accessory bone of the carpus?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
