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INFECTION CONTROL PRELIMS > QUIZ 1 - INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 - INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

It is the invasion and growth of harmful microorganisms.

A

Infection

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2
Q

Community of microorganisms that normally exists in a particular environment.

A

Microbiota/Microbiome

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3
Q

Agents that cause infections or organisms that can cause disease.

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Virus
Viroid
Prion

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5
Q

Non-living pathogens

A

Fungi

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6
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Epithelial Surface

A

Direct Contact

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7
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Respiratory

A

Inhalation/Droplets

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8
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Gastrointestinal

A

Ingestion

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9
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Genitourinary

A

Sexual Transmission

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10
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Hematologic

A

Systemic/Blood Pressure

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11
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Neurologic

A

CNS Spread

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12
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Lymphatic

A

Lymph fluid spread

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13
Q

Two Infection Prevention

A
  1. Anatomical Barriers
  2. Physiologic Protection
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14
Q

What are the Anatomical Barriers?

A
  1. Intact Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Ciliated Epithelial Lining
  4. Intact Endothelium
  5. Blood Brain Barrier
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15
Q

What are the Physiologic Protections?

A
  1. Sloughing of skin/mucus membrane
  2. Coughing/sneezing
  3. Vomiting/ increased intestinal motility
  4. Mucous/salivary and other enzymes and body fluid secretions
  5. Increase intestinal motility
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16
Q

Examples of Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages

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17
Q

The Central Signaling System

A

Inflammasomes

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18
Q

Other important players in infection control and prevention.

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Inflammasomes
  3. Complement Component
  4. C-reactive Protein
  5. Microbiome of the Host
  6. Circulating Antibodies
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19
Q

Immune Responses

A
  1. Adaptive Immunity
  2. Innate Immunity
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20
Q

Example of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral/B Cell Immunity
  2. Cellular/T Cell Immunity
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21
Q

Which cells are involved in Innate Immunity?

A
  1. Granulocytes (Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil)
  2. Mast Cell
  3. Natural Killer Cell
  4. Complement Protein
  5. Dendritic Cell
  6. Macrophage
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22
Q

How to maintain the balance?

A

The host and the pathogens must be balance in the environment.

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23
Q

Factors that determine the severity of infection.

A
  1. Location of the Infection
  2. Population of the Pathogens
  3. Virulence of the Microorganisms
  4. Immune Response of the Host
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24
Q

The environment must be/have:

A
  1. Optimal
  2. Favorable
  3. Adequate Nutrients
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25
Q

To prevent infection, the host must monitor their:

A
  1. Nutritional Status
  2. Health Condition
  3. Immunocompetent/Immunosuppressed
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26
Q

Profile of Patients with Dental Infection

A

Developed Countries
- Elderly

Developing Countries
- Teens and Adult

Both
- Immunocompromised
- With chronic diseases
- Pregnant
- Malnourished

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27
Q

How to achieve optimum oral health?

A
  1. Good education
  2. Good oral health practices
  3. Availability of oral health services
  4. Accessibility to dental services
  5. Sufficient fund for preventive
    oral health programs
  6. Sustainable oral health care program
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28
Q

Human harbors a complex ecosystem of _____________ that has important role in health and disease.

A

Microbial flora (microbiome)

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29
Q

The normal human harbors more than __________ more microbial cells than human cells

A

10 Times

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30
Q

Most of the commensal organisms coexist with _________.

A

Human Host

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31
Q

They help prevent infectious diseases.

A

Microorganisms

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Pathogenic organisms exhibit wide range of virulence.

A

True

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33
Q

Produced disease in a high fraction of healthy individuals.

A

Highly Infectious

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34
Q

Other microbes are minimally pathogenic requiring __________________________.

A

Large Exposure and Concomitant Breaches of Host Defenses

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35
Q

Contributors to Dental Infection

A
  1. Oral Health Providers
    - Poor sterilization of Instruments and galenicals
    - Inadequate dental/medical history taking
    - Lack of knowledge in the choice of antibiotics
    - Inadequate information/instruction to patients
    that may lead to patient poor compliance
    - Undetected patients medical co-morbidities
  2. Patient
    - Inadequate oral health education
    - Poor oral hygiene practices
    - Insufficient to zero dental checkup
    - Non-accessibility to potable water
    - No accessibility to dental services
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36
Q

We used it in most activities we do everyday. Its movements are directed by our brain so it can it either protect us or harm us.

A

Hands

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37
Q

The rate of how communicable diseases can be transferred by touch.

A

80%

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38
Q

Example of Communicable Diseases that can be transferred by touch:

A
  • food and water borne diseases
  • skin diseases
  • sore eyes (conjunctivitis)
  • respiratory diseases
  • blood borne diseases
  • brain and spinal cord infection
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39
Q

Dirty Things we touch daily:

A
  • Sponges, Dirty Dishes, Tooth brush holder
  • Remote Control
  • Cutting board
  • Cell phone, IPOD
  • Grocery cart
  • Purse, Wallet
  • Door Knob
  • Refrigerator handle
  • Comfort Rooms, Toilets
  • Dental floss
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40
Q

Average number of times we touch our face daily:

A

2000-3000 times

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41
Q

Average number of times we touch or phones daily:

A

2617-5247 times

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42
Q

Number of persons that wash their hands more than 10 times per day.

A
  • 62% women
  • 37% men
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43
Q

Number of persons that wash their hands less than 6 times per day.

A
  • 41% women
  • 17% men
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44
Q

Number of persons that wash their hands after using the public toilet.

A

Adult - 83 %
Teen girls - 58 percent
Teen boys - 48 percent

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45
Q

Rate of washing hands after coughing/sneezing.

A

32%

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46
Q

Kids who wash their hands four times daily experience…

A
  • 24% fewer sick days from colds and flu and similar illness
  • 51% fewer sick days due to stomach ailments
47
Q

Ideal washing time

A

Washing the hands 6 times or more with clean water and soap for 20-30 seconds.

Compared to hand washing, alcohol has 60% strength and sanitizer has less than 40% strength only.

48
Q

Over washing may cause the skin to

A

Dry out and crack

49
Q

Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.

A

Hand Washing

50
Q

A process by which all living microorganisms including viable spores are destroyed/removed from an article or medium.

A

Sterilization

51
Q

A process of killing/reduction of most pathogenic/contaminating microorganisms but not viable spores.

A

Disinfection

52
Q

Applying liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue

A

Antisepsis

53
Q

Aim of Sterilization

A

To remove or destroy microorganisms from materials/surfaces that can cause infectious diseases.

54
Q

These are capable of causing contamination and infection.

A

Microorganisms

55
Q

These are constantly present in the external environment and the human body.

A

Microorganisms

56
Q

Uses of Sterilization

A
  1. To sterilize materials, instruments use in surgical and diagnostic procedures.
  2. To sterilize media reagents used in microbiological laboratory.
  3. To ensure safety of food and drug manufacturing from contamination.
57
Q

Methods of Sterilization

A
  1. Physical
    - Heat (Dry Heat, Moist Heat below 100°C, Moist Heat at 100°C, Moist Heat above 100°C)
  2. Chemical
    - Ideal Antiseptics
    - Disinfectants (High level disinfectants, Intermediate level disinfectants, Low level disinfectants)
  3. Gas
    - Vapor phase disinfectants
  4. Radiation
    - Non-ionizing
    - Ionizing
58
Q

Examples of Dry Heat Sterilization

A

Flame, Incineration, Hot Air Oven

59
Q

Used in sterilizing glass slides, test tubes, and flasks at 250°C.

A

Bunsen Burner

60
Q

Biomedical waste disposal at 870-1200°C

A

Incineration

61
Q

Used in sterilizing glass wares, petri dishes, flasks, pipettes, test tubes at 150-180-350°C

A

Hot air oven

62
Q

Sterilizing to prevent formation of non-spore forming pathogens.

A

Pasteurization

63
Q

What are the non-spore forming pathogens?

A

Mycobacteria, Salmonella

64
Q

Disinfection of serum, body, fluids, and vaccines

A

Water Bath

65
Q

Sterilization at 100°C for 15 minutes

66
Q

A tough double wall chamber in which air is replaced with pure saturated steam under pressure
121°C at 15 lbs. for 15 min. For
Surgical Instruments, Culture media, Autoclavable plastic containers, Plastic tubes and pipettes, Solutions and water, Biohazardous wastes, Glassware.

67
Q

Factors that determine the Potency of disinfectants

A
  • Concentration of the substance
  • Time of action
  • pH of the medium
  • Temperature
  • Nature of the organisms
  • Presence of organic matter
68
Q

Examples of High Level Disinfectants

A
  • Aldehyde
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Iodine
  • Chlorine compound
  • Paracetic acid (Endoscope, arthroscope)
69
Q

Examples of Intermediate Level Disinfectants

A
  • Alcohol 60-70% (ethyl, Isopropyl, methyl)
  • Phenol (cresol, chlorhexidine, cetrimide, hexachlorophene )
  • Halogens (Chlorine and Iodine)
  • Metallic salts (silver, cupper, mercury)
70
Q

Examples of Low Level Disinfectants

A
  • Quaternary ammonium compound
  • Surface active agents
    (Anionic - Soap, detergents)
    (Cationic - Benzalkonium chloride)
71
Q

Disinfectant that evaporates faster.

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

72
Q

Alcohol that is toxic

A

Methyl Alcohol

73
Q

Irritating Alcohol

A

Ethyl Alcohol

74
Q

Dental disinfectant that removes the dental pulp.

75
Q

It is 50% Cresol

76
Q

It is used in bacterial gum disease.

A

Chlorhexidine

77
Q

Good for skin burn, scald, wounds.

78
Q

It is bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal.

79
Q

Ideal Antiseptic

A
  1. Fast acting
  2. Effective against all types of infectious agents without damaging human tissues
  3. Easily penetrate materials to be disinfected
  4. Easy to prepare and stable to exposure to environmental factors
    Inexpensive, available
  5. No unpleasant odor
80
Q

Vapor Phase Disinfectants

A

Formaldehyde Gas
Ethylene Oxide Gas

81
Q

Fumigation of heat sensitive anesthesia equipment, baby incubator, operation theaters, wards and laboratories. Used for sterilizing plastic and rubber articles, heart lung machine, sutures, dental equipment, clothing

A

Formaldehyde Gas

82
Q

Non-ionizing Radiation

A

UV Radiation, Infrared

83
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays

84
Q

For enclosed area like bacteriological lab., inoculation hoods, operation theaters. Most bacteria are susceptible but spores are highly resistant.

A

UV Radiation

85
Q

Rapid mass sterilization of syringes and catheters.

86
Q

Highly lethal. For sterilization of disposable items like plastic syringes, swabs, culture plates, cannulas, catheters.

A

Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays

87
Q

Element used in cold sterilization

88
Q

Mechanical Barrier of the Skin

A

Intact keratinized epidermis

89
Q

The skin produces…

A
  1. Anti-microbial fatty acids
  2. Defensins - small cysteine-rich cationic proteins (18-45 amino acid chains) (toxic to the bacteria)
90
Q

It can cause superficial infections of intact stratum corneum, hair and nails.

A

Dermatophytes

91
Q

Most skin infections are initiated by

A

Mechanical injury of the epidermis

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Schistosoma larvae enzymes cause its penetration in an intact skin.

93
Q

Infections in the skin or penetrates into the skin

A

Pricks, abrasions, burns, laceration, cuts, ulcers, animal bites, insect bites, Schistosoma larvae enzymes, leptospirosis, hookworm

94
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

A

Ingestion of contaminate food and drinks

95
Q

Protection against Gastrointestinal Tract Infection

A
  1. Acidic gastric secretion
  2. Bile detergents
  3. Defensins
  4. IgA antibody produced in the mucosal lymphoid tissue such as Peyer’s patches
  5. Peristalsis
  6. Normal Gut Flora
96
Q

Respiratory Tract Infection Protection

A
  1. Mucociliary clearance in conducting airways, reduction of surface tension in the alveoli, and maintenance of near sterility - innate host-defense system.
97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The average person who is moderately active during the daytime breathes about 20,000 liters (more than 5,000 gallons) of air every 24 hours.

98
Q

The air we breathe contains potentially harmful particles and gases such as…

A

Dust
Soot
Mold
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses deposit on airway and alveolar surfaces

99
Q

INFO ONLY:
Only extremely small particles, less than 3 to 5 microns in diameter, penetrate to the deep lung.

A

Bacteria - 1-2um
Fungi - 2-3.5um
Virus - 0.4um

100
Q

These seek out deposited particles, bind to them, ingest them, kill any that are living, and digest them.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

101
Q

They can be recruited to help ingest and kill pathogens.

A

Neutrophils

102
Q

Damages respiratory epithelium is caused by

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus

103
Q

The bacteria release toxins

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis

104
Q

This bacteria is resistant to killing following phagocytosis.

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

105
Q

Regular bladder emptying during micturition.

A

Sterile Urine

106
Q

It is the distance between the skin and bladder.

A

Urogenital Tract

107
Q

Infections in the Urogenital Tract

A

Obstruction of urinary flow, reflux of urine

108
Q

From puberty to menopause, the vagina is protected by

A

Lactobacilli (Ferment glucose to lactic acid)

109
Q

These kill the lactobacilli in the vagina which allows the overgrowth of yeast (candidiasis).

A

Antibiotics

110
Q

Overgrowth of yeast in the vagina.

A

Candidiasis

111
Q

INFO ONLY:
Diseases caused by microbes involves interplay between microbial virulence factors and host responses.
Infectious agents cause death or dysfunction by directly interacting with the cell.

112
Q

Injury may be due to local and systemic release of microbial products, including endotoxin (LPS) exotoxins or superantigens.

A

Cell Injury

113
Q

They can induce immune responses that cause tissue damage. Absence of immune response may reduce damage induce by some infection.

114
Q

INFO ONLY: Conversely immune compromise can allow uncontrolled expansion of opportunistic agents of microorganisms that can directly cause injury.

INFECTION CONTROL PRELIMS (1 decks)

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