Quiz 1 - Enlightenment, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Ritzer Flashcards
Order the following theorists by time period: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant
- Hobbes (late 1500s)
- Locke (early 1600s)
- Rousseau (early 1700s)
- Kant (early 1700s)
During what Period did the Enlightenment take place?
Throughout 1700s
During what Period did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Mid 1700s to mid 1800s
What were the 6 changes brought on by the Enlightenment?
- Rise of Individualism
- Rise of the Contract as a model for understanding relationships.
- Decrease in Religion.
- Rise of the Modern State.
- Development of large-scale Markets/Capitalism/Modern Industry
- European exploration of the World.
In what 3 ways did the Enlightenment promote the Rise of Individualism?
- People could read/understand the Bible themselves.
- Statuses shifted from “ascribed” to “achieved.”
- Increased migration to urban areas.
How did the Rise of the Contract during the Enlightenment affect the role of Government in Europe?
Political arrangements became social contracts between the People and the Government.
In what 2 ways did Religion in Europe decrease during the Enlightenment?
- Government became less involved with the Church.
2. People became less fixated on the Afterlife as incentive for behaviour.
In what 3 ways did the rise of the Modern State change European society during the Enlightenment?
- State organizes society, not the Church.
- Rise of bureaucracy.
- Possibility for revolution (no divine sovereign).
What were the 4 main changes caused by the Development of Largescale Markets during the Enlightenment?
- Industrial Revolution
- Pursuing material interests became normalized.
- Increased Division of Labour.
- World became “infinite resource” to Europe.
What were the 3 main changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution?
- Man became able to manipulate the Earth’s resources for max efficiency.
- Larger populations.
- Rise in Factories/Exploitative labour
What does it mean to have increased Division of Labour
Each step of making a product is outsourced to a different person/skillset.
What is a form of inequality cased by increased Division of Labour
Comparative Advantage: some skillsets within a line of production are more valuable than others.
How does the comparative disadvantage of a low-skill job in the line of production lead to Worker Exploitation?
Easy skillsets = hire inexperienced workers = replaceable = compensated less.
What were the 3 major effects of European Exploration of the World during the Enlightenment?
- Trade.
- War.
- Colonalism
How did Social Theorists enforce Colonialism during the Enlightenment?
Social theorists articulated view of Ethnic Minorities as inferior, which justified Colonial rule.
According to Ritzer, what are the 4 necessary parts of a paradigm?
- Exemplar.
- Theories.
- Methods.
- Instruments.
What are the 5 reasons to study Social Theory?
- Enables predictions.
- Explains “why” something happens.
- Has empirical reference and is falsifiable.
- Is generalized to the point of universality.
- Is hierarchical, layers are extensive.
According to Hobbes, what is “Man’s True Nature?”
Man strives towards power/domination by deliberating between appetites and aversion.
According to Hobbes, how does man have “freedom”?
We have freedom to decide if we want to achieve our appetites.
According to Hobbes, why does man seek power/domination?
It is necessary for survival/self-preservation.
What is Hobbes’ Theory of Equality
Humans are all born equal because we are all born with the capacity to kill each other.
According to Hobbes, what is the downside of Equality
If we are all equal, we cannot dominate each other. Since man seeks to dominate, and we are unable to, it leads to endless conflict.
According to Hobbes, how does society mitigate the endless conflict that Equality causes?
the People agree that the sovereign is the proper source of the law, and they trust it to enforce peace.
What is a major problem with Hobbes’ theory of the Sovereign?
Does not clearly specify who the People are, that decide to respect the Sovereign.
What American-sounding Locke quote is most famous?
“Life, Liberty and Estate.”
According to Locke, what is the “Natural State” (Human Nature)?
All people are equal/independent with the right to defend our pursuits of desire.
In what 4 ways does Locke’s Natural State of humans concern Rules?
- Rules give us the freedom to Act on our desires.
- Government should be based in rule-by-majority (Democracy).
- It is the People’s responsibility to elect/overthrow leaders.
- All are equal before the law (regardless of religious heirarchy).
What did Locke mean by “Understanding men comes from Understanding God.”
It is manking (not just Adam) who are the recipients of the Earth.
What is Locke’s Theory of Property?
You + what you create = your property.
What are the 2 main changes brought on by Locke’s Theory of Property
- Emergence of “common” goods, as we can claim any good as our own using our labour.
2 Enables both collective and individual forms of ownershuip.
What is a major problem with Locke’s Theory of Property?
What about if multi people’s labour went into different stages of producing a good? Whose property is it?
What were the 4 primary areas of focus of Rousseau, that were believed to cause stability within society?
- Traditions
- Emotions.
- Ritual.
- Ceremony.
What did Rousseau and Hobbes agree on, regarding Human Nature?
Humans are motivated by Self Preservation.
In addition to Self-Preservation, what did Rousseau think Humans were motivated by?
Compassion/pity, as humans are essentially good.
What is Rousseau’s Theory of the Social Contract (1762)?
People obey rules/laws because they helped make them.
In what way does Rousseau’s Theory of the Social Contract resemble Locke?
Government is for the people, by the people. (both feel the government should represent the ideals of the People).
Why did Rousseau feel that citizens would be motivated to participate in Social Contracts with the government?
It was a way of securing the Collective Good for Society.
What two changes did Rousseau’s Social Contract bring about?
- Allow for the higher achievement of man.
2. Allows for moral development without God as a motivator.
What is the paradox of Rousseau’s Social Contract?
An individual is forced to care about government + have freedom to make decisions. Forcing =/= free.
What are the 2 problems with Rousseau’s Collective Good?
- Collective good is subjective, who gets to determine what it is?
- Could lead to a totalitarian government.
What is the difference in Rousseau and Locke’s Government?
Locke emphasizes majority rule (democracy), whereas Rousseau emphasizes the Collective Good without specifying who gets to determine what this is.
What was Rousseau’s controversial view of science?
Believed science/progress leads to corruption.
What is the most famous Kant quote about courage?
“Have the courage to use your own understanding.”
What science-driven “crisis” in Society did Kant try to answer?
Why should humanbs believe religion/political leaders when science has all the answers?
What morality “crisis” in Society did Kant try to answer?
If science determines everything, man has no free will. If man has no free will, man has no morality (as no consequences for your actions).
