Quiz 1: Cytology, Epithelium, Connective I) Flashcards
What is the most common fixative?
Formalin
Formalin is a saturated solution of _________ gas in ______
Formaldehyde; water
The formalin aqueous solution is _______ so it is buffered with ____ like sodium phosphates or sodium acetate
Acidic; salts
How long should you fixate a sample?
24 hours- 3 days
After the sample is fixated in formalin for the proper amount of time, the tissue blocks are _________ in a series of increased concentration of alcohol (70%, 95%, 100%)
Dehydrated
After all of the water is removed in a tissue sample, they are treated with a ______ ______ like xylene
Clearing Agent
The cleared tissues are processed through three changes of molten ________ and embedded in paraffin blocks
paraffin
The paraffin blocks are mounted on metal chucks and slices are cut at a thickness of ____-____ micrometers on a instrument called a _______
5-10; microtome
The paraffin sections are mounted on slides and then the paraffin is removed in _______ and the sections are stained and covered with a thin glass ______
Xylene; coverslip
What stain type stains the nucleus purple and is the most commonly used dye? What stain makes the cytoplasm stained pink? These two stains are often paired together.
Hematoxylin; Eosin; H&E
What stain type is used to identify the carbohydrate moiety of carbohydrate/protein complexes? ; appear to be red or pink
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Reagent
What stain type has 2 contrasting cytoplasmic stains and the hematoxylin nuclear stain? These stains make connective tissue a blue or green color and muscle and epithelium turn a pale buff color.
Trichrome Stains
What process takes molecules or organelles from the inside of the cell and expels them outward through the cell membrane?
Exocytosis
What process brings bulk volume into the cell? This involves no opening of the cell membrane, but instead the pseudopodia surround the molecule from the outside and fuse to bring it into the cell.
Endocytosis
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
- Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
What process requires a receptor on the surface of the cell membrane to concentrate some material to be brought into the cell (ex: cholesterol)?
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
What process is also known as cell drinking and allows fluid to be brought in through the vacuole?
Pinocytosis
What process is also called cell eating and takes actual debris like bacteria from outside the cell to the inside to be broken down?
Phagocytosis
What process involves organelles be enclosed in the membrane and digested also called self eating?
Autophagy
What do Autophagosomes do?
They encapsulate the dying or defective organelle to create a pathway that delivers the organelle to the lysosome to digest
What are the three main components of cell membranes?
- Lipid Membrane
- Proteins
- Carbohydrate exterior surface
What is the purpose and structure of the lipid membrane?
They provide a barrier to water, hydrophilic molecules, and large molecules with their bilayer composed of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. They can also act as messengers
What are the three functional types of proteins typically found in the cell membrane?
Channel Proteins, Enzymes, and Receptors
What is the function of the proteins on the cell membrane?
They are how certain molecules get into the cell
What structural type of protein is a channel protein?
Integral transmembrane protein
What structural type of protein is an enzyme? (2 possible answers)
Either peripheral or integral
What structural type of protein is a receptor?
Integral transmembrane
What is the function of Glycocalyx and where is it located?
They are highly protective carbohydrates located on the outer portion of the cell membrane. They aid in target recognition and act as receptors
What are the three functions of the cell membrane?
- Selective Barrier
- Selective Transport
- Sensor- receptors
What are transmembrane proteins?
Proteins that span the whole length of the cell membrane allowing a channel from inside to outside and vice versa (a type of integral protein)
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are not anchored to the cell membrane and are located by the hydrophilic portion of the lipid bilayer
What are intrinsic (integral) proteins?
Proteins anchored to the membrane in some form and can be on either the extracellular or intracellular side or an span the whole length (transmembrane)
What type of DNA is dispersed and active? DNA in this form is highly exposed and transcription can occur very easily.
Euchromatin
What type of DNA is protected from transcription and is very dense and inactive? Can be easily identified under a microscope.
Heterochromatin
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The site of rRNA synthesis and partial ribosomal subunit assembly
What is the central, pale-staining region of the nucleolus that contains the genes for rRNA?
Nucleolar Organizer
The transcription of rRNA yields the formation of the _________ around the nuclear organizer.
Nucleolus
The nuclear envelope contains openings called nuclear pores. What is their function?
Allows small molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus like RNA
What type of ribosome synthesizes proteins for intracellular use? What is its name when it is bound to a mRNA strand?
Free Ribosome; Polysome
What organelle functions primarily in protein synthesis and secretion?
Rough (Granular) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where can the proteins made by the RER end up?
Outside the cell (exported), into the cell membrane (integral), or used inside the cell itself (intracellular)
The ER membrane is a single/double compartment?
Single
What organelle is the site of steroid synthesis, detoxification in the liver, and calcium storage in the muscle?
Smooth (agranular) Endoplasmic Reticulum
The fold of the SER increase the _______ ______
Surface area
What organelle is used for packaging of proteins into different vesicles for transport, carbohydrate modification, lipid synthesis and reconstitution; AKA packaging facility
Golgi Apparatus
What organelle is a membrane enclosed vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes to be used in intracytoplasmic digestion?
Lysosomes
What is a primary lysosome?
A golgi product that only contains digestive enzymes; digestion itself has not occurred and it has not fused with any molecules or organelles
What is a secondary lysosome?
The site of any digestive activity; the fusion of any product (phagosome or endosome) with the primary lysosome to be digested
What is it called when waxy material is not digested well in the lysosome and is thus “left over”
Residual Bodies
What organelle contains the enzymes if the citric acid cycle and the fatty acid oxidation cycles to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?
Mitochondria
Inter means ______
between
Intra means _____
within
What is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes that create the hydrogen (proton) gradient across the inner membrane?
Intermembrane Space
What is the function of the inter mitochondrial membrane?
They extend into cristae and are studded with ATP synthase complexes to use the proton gradient to synthesize ATP
What part of the mitochondria is enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae that contain the citric acid cycle enzymes and fatty acid oxidation
Matrix
Give 3 examples of cells where mitochondria is most abundant
- Ciliated epithelial cells
- Midpiece of the spermatozoa
- Base of ion-transporting cells of kidney
What is the structure and function of microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?
Mainly composed of actin proteins; Contraction; endocytosis, exocytosis, cell migration, structural framework (terminal web), microvilli movement
What is the structure and function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?
Composed of tubulin proteins subunits; cell shape, transport using dynein and kinesin, cell motility (cilia, flagella)
What is the structure and function of intermediate filaments?
Very cell specific and can be used as markers for tumor origin; provide structure
What is the term used for deposits of material for metabolic use in the cell?
Cytoplasmic inclusions
What are each of the following cytoplasmic inclusions used for?
1. Lipid droplets
2. Carbohydrate accumulations
3. Pigments
4. Residual Bodies
- Cholesterol precursor for steroid hormone synthesis
- Glycogen in hepatocytes, myocytes
- Melanin granules
- Lipofuscin
What is a collection of cells and intercellular substances organized to perform a particular function?
Tissue
What are the four types of tissues?
- Epithelium
- Connective Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
4, Muscle
What type of epithelium covers organs and lines free surfaces?
Surface Epithelium
What type of epithelium lines secretory cells of glands?
Glandular Epithelium
What is the function of connective tissue?
Binds other tissues together
What is true of all epithelial tissues?
- Free surface above
- Attached below to a basal lamina
- Derive from all three embryonic layers
- Protective
- used for absorption or secretion
- cells fit tightly together
- avascular tissue
What are the three embryonic layers from which epithelial tissues derive and where is each located?
- Ectoderm- the epithelium of the skin
- Endoderm- the lining of the GI and respiratory tracts
- Mesoderm- endothelium and mesothelium
What is simple epithelium?
1 cell layer thick
Describe the structure of simple squamous epithelium
They are wider than they are tall; very flat looking; 1 cell layer all touching the basal lamina
Endothelium is a type of simple squamous epithelium. Where is this located?
Lines the blood vessels, circulatory system, lymph nodes
Mesothelium is a type of simple squamous epithelium. Where is this located?
Lines all closed body cavities; covers all organs within the body cavity
Describe the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium
Height is equal to the width; 1 cell layer all connecting the basal lamina
What type of epithelia is found lining the ducts of glands like the salivary gland or the ducts of the kidneys?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Describe the structure of simple columnar epithelium.
Taller than they are wide; 1 cell layer thick and connect to the basal lamina
What type of epithelia lines organs with active secretory and/or absorptive functions like the intestinal tract or gall bladder?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
What type of epithelium is often modified with secretory goblet cells and/or microvilli?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Describe the structure of pseudostratified epithelium
All cells contact the basement lamina, but some do not reach the free surface
What are the 2 types of pseudostratified epithelium?
- Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Transitional Epithelium
What type of epithelia lines the respiratory tract and reproductive tract?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
What type of epithelia lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra?
Transitional Epithelium
Describe the structure of transitional epithelium
Cells will increase in size from the basal to superficial layers; surface cells often have a pillow shape; no distinct layer of cells on the top
What type of epithelia is rich in surface modifications?
Columnar
Microvilli+Glycocalyx=
Brush Boarder
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase surface area to aid in absorption
What holds microvilli to the cell?
Actin filaments anchored to the terminal web
What membrane extension is very long, branched like microvilli, but line the epididymis or provide the “hair cells” of the ear canal?
Stereocilia
What membrane extension is used for motility, uses dynein arms to help move, and is a uniform height?
Cilia
What is the only impermeable junction with no intermembrane gap that runs along the whole length of the cell with belts of adhesion? Also known as Zonula Occludens.
Tight Junction
What is a type of adhering junction that encircles the apex of the cell to create the terminal web and terminal bar for mechanical strength?
Zonula Adherens
What is a type of adhering junction that is disk shaped on the membrane, and form between cells to hold them together? Also known as Macula Adherens.
Desmosome (both halves)
What is a type of communicating junction that is bridged by connexons to aid in intercellular communication and nutrition? Also called Nexus
Gap Junctions
What is the section of the cell that is a portion of the cell membrane that is below the impermeable junctions and faces the extracellular fluid compartment?
Basal Membrane
What section of the membrane in epithelium contains the Na/K Pump, hormone receptors, and vesicles?
Basal Membrane
What section of the membrane in epithelium is in contact with the interstitial fluid?
Basal Membrane
What section of the membrane in epithelium is in contact with the extracellular fluid?
Basement Membrane/Basal Lamina
What tacks the cell to the basement membrane?
Hemidesmosome (1 half of a desmosome)
The basement membrane has two parts what are they and what secretes each?
- Basal Lamina- secreted by epithelium
- Reticular Lamina- Secreted by connective tissue
Describe the structure of stratified squamous epithelium.
Surface cells are flat (what gives it its name); top cells do not touch the basement membrane
What is the purpose of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
These cells face wet surfaces and don’t need protection from water loss
What is the purpose of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
These cells need a surface layer of dead cells without nuclei, filled with keratin filaments to provide protection from being in an abrasive location
What type of epithelium is in a dog’s esophagus?
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What is the layer of cells that is resting on the basal lamina and generates new cells? Has a hill like pattern to provide increased surface area for attachment to the basement membrane.
Stratum Basale
What is the layer of cells that is composed of several cell layers and is used for strength in the cell?
Stratum Spinosum
What is the layer of epithelium cells that is only a few cells thick, and is a product of the keratinization process?
Stratum Lucidum
What is the layer of epithelium cells that is only in keratinized regions, and helps regenerate the keratin layer?
Stratum Granulosum
What is the layer of epithelium cells that is the dead layer of cells with no nuclei visible and provides extreme protection?
Stratum Corneum
What is the name of the flaking pieces of keratin in the stratum corneum layer?
Stratum Disjunction
T or F: Keratin can be soft and hard
True; found in both the claw/hoof and the epidermis
T or F: Cytokeratins and desmosomes are found only in keratinizing epithelium
False; it is in both keratinized and nonkeratinized
T or F: Keratinization begins in the Stratum Spinosum layer
True
What type of epithelium is in large excretory ducts of glands like the esophageal glands?
Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar Eipthelium
What is the epithelium that consists of the secretory cells of both exocrine and endocrine glands that result from the proliferation of surface epithelial cells into the underlying connective tissue?
Glandular Epithelium
What consists of glandular epithelium or may include a complex duct system lined by surface epithelium and supportive framework of connective tissue?
Gland
What category of gland secretes their product into the lumen through a duct?
Exocrine
What category of gland secretes their product to the extracellular fluid and is picked up through the bloodstream? “ductless”
Endocrine
Exocrine glands that are categorized by morphological differences: this type of glandular epithelium is a unicellular gland that produces mucin and is largely found in the respiratory and digestive systems.
Goblet Cells
Exocrine glands that are categorized by morphological differences: this type of glandular epithelium is a type of surface epithelium that contain only secretory cells like in the cervix of a cow.
Secretory Epithelium
Exocrine glands that are categorized by morphological differences: this type of glandular epithelium is a broad term for exocrine glands that have their own secretory units that empty into a single, unbranched duct.
Simple Glands
What type of simple gland consists of straight secretory units which empty directly into the lumen of the organ?
Simple Tubular Glands
What type of simple gland consists of a number of secretory units that share an opening to the duct of a gland?
Branched Tubular Glands
What type of simple gland consists of a highly coiled terminal portion and a straight segment which opens to the surface? This type is found in some glands of the skin like the ear canal.
Coiled Tubular Glands
What type of simple gland is very similar to simple tubular glands, but has a different shape that resembles a grape? This type empties into one unit like a hair follicle.
Simple Acinar Gland
What type of exocrine gland empties its product into a largely branched duct system?
Compound Gland
What type of compound gland is fairly large and is lined with either simple or stratified epithelium and its function is to convey its secretory product to its site of action?
Excretory Duct
What type of compound gland is located within the lobule and may contribute to the secretory product of the gland?
Secretory Ducts
What type of compound gland horizontally connects the acini with the secretory ducts?
Intercalated Ducts
What is the term for a gland with one or more lobes?
Large Gland
What is the term for a duct that drains into a lobe?
Lobar Duct
What is the term for a smaller division of a lobe?
Lobules
What is the term for a duct that drains into a lobule when within the lobule?
Intralobular duct
What is the term for a duct that drains a lobule when located in the connective tissue septa between the lobules?
Interlobular duct
What is the term for a total secretory epithelial component of a compound gland?
Parenchyma
What is the term for the connective tissue components of the compound gland?
Stroma
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the nature of the secretory product: What type of unit is where all the cells secrete mucin and have a characteristic structure and are usually columnar or cuboidal?
Mucous Secretory Unit
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the nature of the secretory product: What type of unit produces more of a watery type of product and have prominent secretory granules in the cytoplasm; pyramidal in shape?
Serous Secretory Unit
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the nature of the secretory product: What type of unit contains both mucous and serous cells that empty their product into very small canals called intercellular canaliculi?
Mucoserous Secretory Unit or Mixed Unit
What is a acinus refer to?
A secretory unit with a very small lumen
What does an alveolus refer to?
Describes a secretory unit with a very large lumen
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the mode of release of the secretory product: What is the term when the product is released without much visible change in the integrity of the cell like in exocytosis?
Merocrine
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the mode of release of the secretory product: What is the term for when release causes large bits of cytoplasm to be pinched off from the cell and pass into the lumen of the gland?
Apocrine
Exocrine glands that are categorized by the mode of release of the secretory product: What is the term for when release causes the entire cell to be lost like in the sebaceous gland secreting sebum?
Holocrine
What are the major types of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper, cartilage, bone, blood, and bone marrow
What is the function of connective tissue?
Connects all other basic tissue types and provides support of the body weight
Where does connective tissue originate from?
Mesoderm
Connective tissue is composed of three elements. What are they?
Cells, Fibers, and Ground Substance
Fibers+Ground Substance= _______
Matrix
What is the type of fixed cell in connective tissue that produces the stem cells to be differentiated into specific CT types?
Mesenchymal
What type of fixed cell in connective tissue synthesizes the fibers and ground substance and is used for wound repair?
Fibroblasts
What is the dormant version of a fibroblast?
Fibrocyte
What type of fixed cell in connective tissue produces reticular fibers used to suspend another cell type?
Reticular cells
What type of fixed cell in connective tissue is a fat cell that is in all loose connective tissue?
Adipocytes
What type of fixed cell in connective tissue encircles the capillaries and supports the endothelial cells; can be differentiated into smooth muscle cells or adipocytes?
Pericytes
What type of fixed cell in connective tissue are difficult to distinguish from fibroblasts and migrate to connective tissue from the blood and become stationary?
Fixed Macrophages
What is a type of wandering cell in loose connective tissue that is the active version of fixed macrophages that helps repair by ingesting debris and invading microorganisms?
Free Macrophage
What type of wandering cell in loose connective tissue produces antibodies and secretes the circulating antibodies?
Plasma Cells
What type of wandering cell in loose connective tissue releases granules when antibodies bind to an antigen?
Mast Cells
What type of wandering cell is part of an immune reaction and is used for phagocytosis in the antibody-antigen complexes and can release granules to kill parasitic worms?
Eosinophils
