Quiz #1: Chapters 1,2. &3 Flashcards
stroke volume
increased blood pumping
cardiac output
more blood being pumped to working tissue
Afferent neurons
nerves that carry electric impulses towards the brain and spinal cord
Efferent neurons
nerves that carry electric impulses AWAY from the brain and spinal cord
Somatic
part of the nervous system that controls voluntary actions
Autonomic
part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
Muscular System
- primary function: provide movement
- primary component: muscle fiber
Smooth
-muscle fibers generate force
DOMS
delayed onset of muscle soreness (tissue tears to build back up)
muscle hypertrophy
increases cross sectional size of muscle (better performance)
hyperplasia
increases the number of muscle fibers
- )Function
- cardiac muscle contraction propels blood through the circulatory system
Relation to physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance
-delivers nutrients and oxygen to the working tissues of the body and removes waste
- )Function
- skeletal muscle generates movement, which increases energy expenditure and heat production
Relation to physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance
-allows for body movement, responsible for the majority of daily energy expenditure
- )Function
- smooth muscle contraction and dilation regulates diameter of passageways in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Relation to physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic performance
-allows for coordinated flow of blood to working tissues and air to the lungs for gas exchange
Skeletal system
- framework for the body
- protects organs & tissue
- lever system for movement
- storage area for minerals
Cardiovascular system
- primary functions: transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and medication.
- primary component: heart, blood vessels, and blood
cardiovascular disease
leading cause of death
CAD (coronary artery disease)
is the primary cardiovascular disease in most Americans
Atherosclerosis
cholesterol & blood lipids build up in the arteries causing narrowing of vessel opening.
Arteriosclerosis
the thickening or hardening of the walls of the arteries; occurs in older people
Vo2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed; deliver oxygen to muscles
Pulmonary system
- primary function: moving air into and out of the lungs & regulation of acid base balance
- primary component: lungs
- important factor during exercise due to the ability to exhale carbon dioxide and regulate blood PH
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
breathing is compromised
Urinary disease
- primary function: elimination of waste products & regulates fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and PH
- primary component: kidney
hypertension
can be influenced by increasing the amount of fluid removed by kidneys
diuretics
help get the fluid out
macro
proteins, carbs, & fats
micro
vitamins & minerals
Endocrine System
- primary function: regulation of physiologic function & systems of the body
- primary components: endocrine glands
- helps maintain homeostasis
- hormones work with other systems to regulate normal functions during physical activity & exercise
metabolic syndrome
when the body is resistant to insulin
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline; it is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands
norepinephrine
also called noradrenaline; an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter
insulin
promotes uptake of absorbed nutrients
metabolic syndrome (2)
elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL (good fat).
insulin resistance
When cells in your muscles, body fat, and liver resist insulin which prevents the absorption of glucose, the body’s main source of fuel.
Immune System
- primary function: regulating the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth, and illness
- primary components: physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors
exercise Science
- physical activity & regular exercise may improve the ability of the body to maintain health and reduce the risk for certain disease conditions
- exercise science plays a role in the prevention and treatment of illness (cancer & AIDS)
- exercise has a positive effect during illness and reduced responsiveness (aging)
overtraining syndrome
when too much training results in the maladaptations of body responses
Energy system
- provides energy during rest & exercise
- primary component: enzymes & energy sources within cells
- energy production is critical for successful performance in athletic events of various intensities and durations
glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to produce energy
oxidative metabolism
use of oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy.
