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Brain and Behavior Psych 2003 > Quiz 1 (Chapter 1, 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 (Chapter 1, 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

brain and behavior

A

a course that involves the scientific study of how the brain regulates behavior

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2
Q

brain regulates behavior through the _____

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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3
Q

can the CNS regulate brain behavior?

A

yes (e.g. repetition in athletes, brain plasticity)

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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

anatomy/neuroanatomy

A

structural analysis, structural vs functional analysis of the brain

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6
Q

chemistry/pharmacology

A

ions (help structure and function, communication within the brain)
drug interaction (alcohol, cocaine, antidepressants, etc.), what neurotransmitters increase/decrease function of a neuron

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7
Q

physiology

A

branch of biology

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8
Q

what are the differences

A
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9
Q

who proposed the neuron doctrine

A

Ramon y Cajal in the late 1800s

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10
Q

what does the neuron doctrine propose

A

that the brain is composed of individual, separate cells

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11
Q

neurocytology

A

the study of nerve cells

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12
Q

sensory neurons (receptors)

A

highly specialized neurons that encode incoming sensory information
e.g. auditory (afferent)

when these neurons do not operate correctly, it can result in no sense of taste, smell, sight, hearing, or touch

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13
Q

afferent

A

to, toward CNS

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14
Q

interneurons (associational neurons)

A

neurons that receive signals from some neurons and send signals to other neurons (think of it like pressing buttons on your phone)

information processors of the nervous system

we do not know much about where they are located, but they make up the majority of our nervous system

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15
Q

motor neurons (effectors)

A

highly specialized neurons that send signals to muscles and glands

e.g. contracts muscles, moves body parts (efferent)

when these neurons do not operate correctly, it can result in paralysis, etc.

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16
Q

efferent

A

out, away from CNS

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17
Q

nerve cell membrane

A

structure that separates the inside (interor) of the cell from the exterior (outside) of the cell

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18
Q

t or f
nerve cell membrane contains channels with pores

A

true

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19
Q

cell body (soma) contains the ______ and a variety of _________

A

cell nucleus, intracellular structures

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20
Q

who is the chemical carrier of hereditary

A

the cell body (soma)

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21
Q

nucleus

A

center of the cell body, contains chromatin material; is composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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22
Q

what is the first sign of a cell dying

A

the nucleus moving to the side, found in a lot of Alzheimers patients

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23
Q

nucleolus nickname

A

recipe book

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24
Q

nucleolus

A

a separate structure within the nucleus
contains RNA (ribonucleic acid); important; important in the synthesis of proteins

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25
Q

proteins in the nucleolus

A

structural
enzymatic- break things down (think of hard lens contact story)

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26
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports cells and deals with protein folding

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27
Q

golgi apparatus

A

secrete and transport cells

28
Q

mitochondria

A

provide energy to the cell/neuron

29
Q

dendrite

A

major receptor surface of the neuron

can be multiple branched or have dendritic spines

30
Q

dendritic spines

A

short outgrowths on dendrite branches, can receive messages better

a lot of neurons in the hippocampus (where cognition is important) have dendritic spines

31
Q

rat experiment (dendrites)

A

rats were out in two different froups- identical caging, but one with an enriching environment and one without

results for enriching environment:
1. has more extensive dendritic branching pattern
2. has more significant dendritic spines

results can be compared to various childhood upbringings today

32
Q

axon

A

single fiber extension originating from cell body (axon hillock) that may be multiply branched

allows for info that travels from axon hillock to tip of axon

typically covered with myelin sheath to speed up the message
if so, has nodes of Ranvier (jumps from gap to gap)

33
Q

synapse

A

also called synaptic cleft or gap, very narrow

provide functional contact between cells

34
Q
A

.

35
Q

types of synapses

A

axodendritic
most common, goes to dendrites
axosomatic
goes to base of dendrites (soma)
axoaxonic
goes to axon hillock

36
Q

neuromuscular junction (nmj)

A

info goes from axon to muscle cells

37
Q

neuron diversity

A

spinal motor neuron is very long
hippocampal neuron has dendritic spines
cerebellum has no dendritic spines, evolution probably did not catch up with dendritic spines at this point

38
Q

glial cells

A

literally means glue
non neural support cells of the nervous system
outnumber neurons by a factor of 10 - 50

39
Q

microglia vs macroglia

A

micro- small glial cells
macro- big glial cells

40
Q

what was different about Albert Einstein’s brain?

A

he had more glial cells than the average person (helps his neurons work harder and faster)

two times as many astrocytes per neural cell

41
Q

types of macroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ochwann cells, radial glial cells

42
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped cells, higher lipid content, provide structural support and aid in the repair of damaged neurons, helps in the formation of the blood brain barrier (BBB)

43
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

only occur in the CNS
provide myelin sheath

44
Q

ochwann cells

A

only occur PNS (peripheral nervous system)

45
Q

radial glial cells

A

important in the nervous system development

46
Q

microglia

A

phagocytes- removes dead tissue from the nervous system

47
Q

electrochemical transmission “neurotrasmitters”

A

electrical event –> nerve impulse –> action potential

48
Q

action potential

A

the standard event by which info is transmitted down the axon to ultimately have an impact on nerve cell communication

action potential domain exists within the domain

49
Q

ion channels

A

pores that can either be opened or closed
selective permeability

50
Q

ion

A

an atom, or bound group of atoms that carry an electrical charge (pos or neg)

51
Q

ionic compound

A

two or more ions that bind together (e.g. NaCl)

52
Q

resting membrain potential

A

-70 mV

neurons maintain an electrical potential difference (a voltage difference) across the cell membrane

at rest, the ion channels are closed (Na, K)

53
Q

concentration gradient

A

amount of something (i.e. diffusion of scent of roses; how many ions want to move to a less crowded space); wants to achieve equilibrium

54
Q

electrical gradient

A

inside axon is more negative

negative ions want to stay in, positive ions want to stay out

55
Q

depolarized membrane potential is as a result of __________

A

Na+ influx

56
Q

hyperpolarized membrane potential is as a result of __________

A

K+ efflux

57
Q

action potential spike threshold

A

once you reach the threshold, an action potential will happen

it is 15 above the resting (for humans, -55)

58
Q

refractory period

A

action potential can not start after one occurs for a period of time, membrane potential is too low

59
Q

saltatory conduction

A

moving of action potential down the axon (away from the body)

i.e. jumping down nodes of ranvier

60
Q

structure of chemical synapses: presynaptic terminal

A

calcium ion channels (Ca++)
synaptic vesiclas (small round things in the axon)

61
Q

structure of chemical synapses: synapse

A

chemically complex fluid
synaptic web (filaments, barely visible, keeps axon and dendrite equidistant)

62
Q

structure of chemical synapses: postsynaptic membrane

A

receptor sites (receive message)
ion channels (Na+, K+, Cl-)

63
Q

exocytosis

A

Ca++ dependent release of neurotransmitters leaving presynaptic cell

64
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

3 channels open: Na+, K+, Cl-

this is why it is positive

65
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

2 channels open: K+, Cl-

this is why it is negative

66
Q

temporal summation vs spatial summation

A

temporal summation- over time, ap is achieved, EPSPs piggyback off each other

spatial summation- EPSPs merge on the way to axon, make one big EPSP, make an ap

Brain and Behavior Psych 2003 (2 decks)

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