Quiz 1 CH 1 & 2, Reading Primary Literature, Lecture Notes pg. 1-10

Question 1

Life’s Hierarchical Order

Answer 1

Biosphere–>Ecosystems–>Communities–>Populations–>Organisms–>Organ Systems–>Organs–>Tissues–>Cells–>Molecules–>Atoms–>Subatomic Particles

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

most have no membrane bound organelles and generally smaller than eukaryotes

Two Types: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

have membrane bound organelles

Question 4

emergent properties

Answer 4

properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components

*each level of biological organization has emergent properties

Question 5

Systems Biology

Answer 5

a way of understanding emergent properties…

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts
EX: a single leaf can be considered a system, as can a frog, an ant colony, or a desert ecosystem

Question 6

The Cell Theory

Answer 6

All organisms are made of cells and all cells are made of pre-existing cells

Question 7

genes

Answer 7

• units of inheritance transmitted from parents to offspring
• encode the info. necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell’s identity and function

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

double helix strand of genetic material contained in chromosomes

Question 9

nucleotides

Answer 9

chemical building blocks that make up the double-helix DNA strands
abbreviated A,T,G,C
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Question 10

gene expression

Answer 10

the entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

Question 11

genome

Answer 11

the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Question 12

bioinformatics

Answer 12

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput technology methods

Question 13

feedback regulation

Answer 13

the product of a process regulates that very process

Question 14

negative feedback

Answer 14

a loop in which the the response reduces the initial stimulus

(ex. insulin: When you eat, blood glucose levels are high which stimulates the cells in the pancreas secrete insulin to your blood, then the insulin circulates through your body where the insulin binds to body cells, causing them to take up glucose and liver cells to store glucose. This lowers glucose levels which stops the secretion of insulin)

Question 15

positive feedback

Answer 15

an end product speeds up its reaction

(Ex: the clotting of your blood in response to an injury is an Ex. When a blood vessel is damaged, structures in the blood called platelets begin to aggregate at the site. Pos. Feedback occurs as chemicals released by the platelets attract more platelets. The platelet pileup then initiates a complex process that seals the wound with a clot.)

Question 16

evolution

Answer 16

the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of a common ancestor

Question 17

species names

Answer 17

the first part is the name of the genus for which the species belongs and the second part is unique to the species within the genus (Ex: Homo sapiens is the name of our species)

Question 18

Three Domains of Organisms

Answer 18

Bacteria, Archaea, (prokaryotic) and Eukarya (eukaryotic)

Question 19

What are the 4 subgroups of Eukarya

Answer 19

1. kingdom Plantae
2. kingdom Fungi
3. kingdom Animalia (humans)
4. protists

Question 20

Darwin’s “The Origin Of Species” Book articulated which two main points

Answer 20

1. “descent with modification” (contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them)
2. “natural selection” is a primary cause of descent with modification

Question 21

atomic number

Answer 21

number of protons in an atom and subsequently the number of electrons in that same atom

Question 22

atomic mass

Answer 22

total mass of an atom (slightly different from the mass number)

Question 23

mass number

Answer 23

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom combined

Question 24

isotope

Answer 24

different atomic forms of the same element

• all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass
  i. e. an isotope of the element

Question 25

decay of an atom

Answer 25

when the nuclei of an atom have the tendency to lose subatomic particles

Question 26

radioactive isotope

Answer 26

isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
-when the radioactive decay leads to a change in the number of protons, it transforms the atom to an atom of a different element

Ex: when carbon-14 decays, it loses a proton, becoming an atom of nitrogen-14

Question 27

energy

Answer 27

the capacity to cause change

Question 28

potential energy

Answer 28

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Question 29

describe the potential energy of an electron

Answer 29

the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, as a result it takes work to move a given electron farther away from the nucleus, so the more distant an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy

Question 30

electron shells

Answer 30

electrons are allowed to exist here, each shell with a characteristic average distance and energy level

• REMEMBER: an electron’s energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus

Question 31

electronegativity

Answer 31

the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

-the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

Question 32

covalent bond

Answer 32

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

-one of the strongest type of chemical bond in which each bond consists of two electrons

Question 33

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 33

in a covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity, and so the tug-of-war is at a standoff

Question 34

polar covalent bond

Answer 34

when an atom bonds to a more electronegative atom and so the electrons are not shared equally

Question 35

ion

Answer 35

the two resulting oppositely charged atoms that resulted from two atoms being so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner

Question 36

cation

Answer 36

positively charged ion

Question 37

anion

Answer 37

negatively charged ion

Question 38

ionic bond

Answer 38

when an anion and a cation are attracted to each `other because of their opposite charges

Question 39

hydrogen bond

Answer 39

the attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partially positive charge and an electronegative atom carrying a partially negative charge

Question 40

chemical reactions

Answer 40

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter