Quiz 1 CH 1 & 2, Reading Primary Literature, Lecture Notes pg. 1-10 Flashcards
Life’s Hierarchical Order
Biosphere–>Ecosystems–>Communities–>Populations–>Organisms–>Organ Systems–>Organs–>Tissues–>Cells–>Molecules–>Atoms–>Subatomic Particles
Prokaryotic Cells
most have no membrane bound organelles and generally smaller than eukaryotes
Two Types: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
have membrane bound organelles
emergent properties
properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components
*each level of biological organization has emergent properties
Systems Biology
a way of understanding emergent properties…
the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts
EX: a single leaf can be considered a system, as can a frog, an ant colony, or a desert ecosystem
The Cell Theory
All organisms are made of cells and all cells are made of pre-existing cells
genes
- units of inheritance transmitted from parents to offspring
- encode the info. necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell’s identity and function
DNA
double helix strand of genetic material contained in chromosomes
nucleotides
chemical building blocks that make up the double-helix DNA strands
abbreviated A,T,G,C
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
gene expression
the entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
genome
the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
bioinformatics
the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput technology methods
feedback regulation
the product of a process regulates that very process
negative feedback
a loop in which the the response reduces the initial stimulus
(ex. insulin: When you eat, blood glucose levels are high which stimulates the cells in the pancreas secrete insulin to your blood, then the insulin circulates through your body where the insulin binds to body cells, causing them to take up glucose and liver cells to store glucose. This lowers glucose levels which stops the secretion of insulin)
positive feedback
an end product speeds up its reaction
(Ex: the clotting of your blood in response to an injury is an Ex. When a blood vessel is damaged, structures in the blood called platelets begin to aggregate at the site. Pos. Feedback occurs as chemicals released by the platelets attract more platelets. The platelet pileup then initiates a complex process that seals the wound with a clot.)
evolution
the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of a common ancestor
species names
the first part is the name of the genus for which the species belongs and the second part is unique to the species within the genus (Ex: Homo sapiens is the name of our species)
Three Domains of Organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, (prokaryotic) and Eukarya (eukaryotic)
What are the 4 subgroups of Eukarya
- kingdom Plantae
- kingdom Fungi
- kingdom Animalia (humans)
- protists
Darwin’s “The Origin Of Species” Book articulated which two main points
- “descent with modification” (contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them)
- “natural selection” is a primary cause of descent with modification
atomic number
number of protons in an atom and subsequently the number of electrons in that same atom
atomic mass
total mass of an atom (slightly different from the mass number)
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom combined
isotope
different atomic forms of the same element
- all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass
i. e. an isotope of the element
decay of an atom
when the nuclei of an atom have the tendency to lose subatomic particles
radioactive isotope
isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
-when the radioactive decay leads to a change in the number of protons, it transforms the atom to an atom of a different element
Ex: when carbon-14 decays, it loses a proton, becoming an atom of nitrogen-14
energy
the capacity to cause change
potential energy
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
describe the potential energy of an electron
the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, as a result it takes work to move a given electron farther away from the nucleus, so the more distant an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy
electron shells
electrons are allowed to exist here, each shell with a characteristic average distance and energy level
- REMEMBER: an electron’s energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus
electronegativity
the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
-the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
covalent bond
the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
-one of the strongest type of chemical bond in which each bond consists of two electrons
nonpolar covalent bond
in a covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity, and so the tug-of-war is at a standoff
polar covalent bond
when an atom bonds to a more electronegative atom and so the electrons are not shared equally
ion
the two resulting oppositely charged atoms that resulted from two atoms being so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner
cation
positively charged ion
anion
negatively charged ion
ionic bond
when an anion and a cation are attracted to each `other because of their opposite charges
hydrogen bond
the attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partially positive charge and an electronegative atom carrying a partially negative charge
chemical reactions
the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
