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Pharmacology OTD > QUIZ 1 - Basics > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 - Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Why should OT students study pharmacology – 4 main reasons

A
  1. Understand patient’s responses to different drugs
  2. Determine ideal therapy schedule
  3. Learn to recognize drug therapy interactions
  4. Recognize adverse drug reactions and report them
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2
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

-Study of how chemical substances affect living tissues
-How chemical agents bind to receptors to enhance or inhibit normal function

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3
Q

Define Pharmacotherapeutics and list 2 main areas

A
  • use of agents to prevent, dx, and cure disease
  • Pharmacodynamics: What the DRUG does to the BODY (mechanism of action)
  • Pharmacokinetics: What the BODY does to the DRUG (ADME) (how fast)
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4
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

A: Absorption (phase 1)
D: Distribution (phase 2)
M: Metabolism (phase 3)
E: Excretion (phase 4)

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5
Q

List the 2 primary routes of administration

A

Enteric
Parenteral (injection)

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6
Q

List the Enteral routes of administration

A

Oral
Rectal
Sublingual (under tongue, ie nitroglycerin)
Buccal (in cheek)

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7
Q

List the parenteral routes of administration

A
  • IV
    directly into vein
  • Subcutaneous
    under skin to fat
    faster than oral but slower then IM
    rate is variable depending on the site
    ex: insulin
    heat, exercise, massage of the area will facilitate absorption
    limb mobility or vasoconstriction from cooling will slow absorption.
  • Intramuscular
    into skeletal muscle ie. flu shot
  • Epidural
    into spinal column outside of dura
  • Intrathecal
    delivered to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to get to CNS
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8
Q

What is Bioavailability?

A
  • The fraction of a given drug that is actually absorbed into the body’s blood stream from the site of administration
  • Example: Fosamax (1-10% oral bioavailability) used for osteoporosis: given on empty stomach 30 min before meal
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9
Q

What is Distribution?

A
  • VD = volume of distribution
  • Once a drug enters circulation it is then distributed throughout the body
  • Total of drug concentration in body / plasma concentration
  • If volume of drug is bound to plasma the VD will be small
  • If the volume of drug is bound to tissue VD is large
  • If a drug is highly bound to plasma proteins, not a lot of drug is available for response
  • Only free drug is able to produce an effect
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10
Q

Potential problems of Distribution:

A

Blood brain barrier
Fat loving drugs
Hard for water soluble drugs to cross blood brain barrier

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11
Q

What is half life?

A

t ½
- The time it takes for ½ the drugs concentration to be eliminated from the body
- Most drugs are considered removed from the body in about 5 half lives
- If a drugs half life is 2 hours multiple that by 5 and then in approx. 10 hours it will be removed.

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12
Q

drug receptor interactions

A

Antagonistic or agonistic

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13
Q

Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962

A

Also known as the “Drug Efficacy Amendment”.
- Required drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness and safety of their drugs before approval .
- Required drug advertising to be more closely regulated and disclose accurate information about side effects
- Ex: Thalidomide: was prescribed to help with nausea and insomnia in pregnant women- caused a rare birth defect.

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14
Q

How long does drug development take?
List the phases

A
  • based upon clinical studies and can take up to 12 years
  • preclinical– tissue and animal testing ( 6 yrs)
  • Phase 1 – safety assessment with small population.
  • Phase 2- drug effectiveness study
  • Phase 3 – double blind randomized control trials with other therapies
  • Phase 4- post marketing surveillance Monitors for drug safety
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15
Q

What are orphan drugs

A

Drugs for rare diseases – companies are provided research grants and a streamlined approval process

Compassionate use

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16
Q

Drug naming and classification

A
  • Chemical name – based on structure and compound
  • Brand name – has a patent
  • Generic name – the official name of the compound
  • Ex. Brand name = Tylenol
    Gen name = acetaminophen
    Chemical name = N -acetyl-p- aminophenol
  • Rx should be written using generic name unless a specific brand is necessary
17
Q

SCHEDULED DRUGS – CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

A

Schedule 1
– most potential for abuse
– only avail for research ( LSD, HEROIN)
Schedule 2
– high potential for abuse
– no refills allowed (STIMULANTS, OPIOIDS)
Schedule 3
– lower abuse but can cause dependence
– 5 refills in 6 months ( TYLENOL WITH CODEINE)
Schedule 4
– lower abuse than above ( TRAMADOL)
Schedule 5
– lowest abuse potential ( LIQUID CODEINE)

18
Q

ADVERSE DRUG EVENT:

A
  • Anything that can go wrong when a person is administered a drug (including prescribing and administration compliance)
  • Much more inclusive
  • Major players: insulin, warfarin, digoxin
19
Q

ADVERSE DRUG EVENT AND REACTION:

A
  • serious effect of drug at therapeutic doses
  • neg outcome that occurs while taking but does not imply the drug is the cause
20
Q

WHY DO WE HAVE ADR’s

A
  • most are an extension of what the drug is supposed to do
  • drugs with narrow therapeutic window are responsible for most ADRs
  • pediatric and geriatric pop
  • polypharmacy (multiple meds among dif pharmacies)
  • genetic variations in metabolism
    organ dysfunction (liver, kidney)
21
Q

CLINICAL ISSUES

A

drug admin wrong
wrong prescription
wrong dose

22
Q

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

A
  • Every drug has a drug risk benefit ratio
  • Types of adverse drug reactions (ADR)
  • Drug/ drug reactions
  • Drug/ food interactions
  • Allergic reactions
  • Doesn’t include human error in admin or patient compliance
  • 1 in 10 admissions is due to ADR
23
Q

OTHER SOURCES FOR ADRS

A
  • sound alike drugs ( hydroxyzine, hyrdraalazine)
  • use brand names vs generic names
  • SALAD ( sound alike look alike drugs)
24
Q

WHAT TO DO IF YOU SUSPECT AN ADR

A
  • report to pts physician
  • report to medwatch – tracks ADRs
  • FDA decides what to do with that information such as adding it to label or withdraw it from the market
25
Q

DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS

A
  • When a second drug is added to the first drug – results in diminished response or additive effect
  • May be beneficial or harmful
26
Q

FOOD – DRUG INTERACTIONS

A

Warfarin and leafy green vegetables can lead to increased clots

27
Q

MANIFESTATIONS OF DRUG ALLERGIES

A
  • Urticarial rash – whealy rash
  • Angioedema – swelling of lips and face
  • Stevens johnsons syndrome – lesions of mucosa and systemic symptoms
  • Blood disorders
  • Testing for allergies can be done but is not routine
28
Q

ONLINE RESOURCES and APPS

A

US National library of medicine
Medline plus
Drugs.com (pill identifier)
FDA
Evidence based guidelines
Mayo clinic
Rx list

Pharmacology OTD (5 decks)

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