Quiz 1 (answers from first attempt)

Question 1

William James believed that structuralism was flawed because it involved taking only brief snapshots of …

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

The structuralist approach was both applauded and criticized for its emphasis on…

Answer 2

Introspection

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT included in your textbook’s definition of psychology?

Answer 3

a. Psyc is a profession that solves practical problems.
b. Psyc primarily studies the unconscious mind.*****
c. Psyc studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes.
d. Psyc is a science.

Question 4

A researcher who focuses on how behaviour and thinking differ in boys and girls in adolescence is MOST likely a

Answer 4

Developmental psychologist

Question 5

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the physiological bases of behaviour?

Answer 5

The biological perspective

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov is best known for pioneering research related to…

Answer 6

Learning

Question 7

Which school of psychology stated that conciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose?

Answer 7

Functionalism

Question 8

What are of psychology specializes in the development of behavioural tests?

Answer 8

Psychometrics

Question 9

Your textbook describes seven unifying themes that provide continuity throughout psychology. What are the two primary divisions of those themes?

Answer 9

Psychology as a way of studying behaviour; the things that influence behaviour

Question 10

In recent years, psychologists have begun taking a more _____ perspective, considering how psychological phenomena may be experienced differently by people in different locales.

Answer 10

Cultural

Question 11

Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings?

Answer 11

Behaviorism

Question 12

Which statement best describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today?

Answer 12

Functionalism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology.

Question 13

What is a psychologist who focuses attention on cultural diversity least likely to do?

Answer 13

Identify deficiencies in other cultures

Question 14

Abbie is concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences. What school of psychology does Abbie MOST likely support?

Answer 14

Structuralism

Question 15

The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people’s need for love and acceptance. Which branch of psychology would you recommend for this group?

Answer 15

Humanistic Psychology

Question 16

Which term refers to the study of ethics in neuroscience?

Answer 16

Neuroethics

Question 17

Kariel is participating in and experiment where she has been asked to break down the different components of taste when biting into a piece of chocolate. The researches is MOST likely a proponent of…

Answer 17

Structuralism

Question 18

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in research on training racoons to respond to symbols?

Answer 18

An evolutionary psychologist

Question 19

Psychology is like a child who’s parents were which two disciplines?

Answer 19

Philosophy and Physiology

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT part of critical thinking?

Answer 20

a. Originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect*****
b. Generating multiple solutions to problems
c. Using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events
d. Working systematically toward a desired goal

Question 21

Which statement best describes the use of animals in psychological research?

Answer 21

Animals are to be used in research if there is evidence that the results will benefit both humans and other animals.

Question 22

Why must Canadian researchers adhere to ethical guidelines that are set by the Tri-Council?

Answer 22

To have their research funded by national granting agencies.

Question 23

Your professor handed out a list of all grades for all four exams in your class. In which situation would you use descriptive statistics?

Answer 23

You want to know your average in this course.

Question 24

Most typically, how do researchers report their findings?

Answer 24

In a journal

Question 25

Although there are several types of journal articles, which type is most common within psychology?

Answer 25

Reports that describe original. empirical studies.

Question 26

What is provided in the reference list at the end of a research article?

Answer 26

Bibliographic information for any studies referred to in the article.

Question 27

According to the ethical guidelines for psychological research with humans, if you agree to be a participant in a research study then which of the following must be promised?

Answer 27

You will not be exposed to harmful or dangerous treatments without your knowledge.

Question 28

What do we call any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study?

Answer 28

Variables

Question 29

In research terms, what is a sample?

Answer 29

A subset of the population who participates in a research study

Question 30

What is theory?

Answer 30

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Question 31

What is a major problem with naturalistic observation?

Answer 31

It is difficult to observe behaviour without having an influence on that behaviour

Question 32

Kim received a very positive performance evaluation from her supervisor. She expected the review to be strong, because she had worked hard and knew that she had performed well. She was surprised, however, to see that she got an excellent rating for punctuality. She knows she has been late to work repeatedly, and her supervisor was aware of it. Which of the following best explains this inaccurate positive evaluation?

Answer 32

a. Placebo effect
b. Social desirability bias
c. Halo Effect*****
D. Experimenter Bias

Question 33

Which of your test’s unifying themes is illustrated by the fact that subjects sometimes report beneficial effects from a placebo treatement?

Answer 33

People’s experience of the world is highly subjective

Question 34

Which statement best illustrates a correlation between two variables?

Answer 34

Scores on one variable are related to scores on the second variable

Question 35

Surveys may be important to gather information on important social issues that may have legal and public policy implications. Which of the following is such a topic?

Answer 35

a. How troops of baboons display territoriality
b. The criminal victimization of Indigenous people in Canada*****
c. Whether Canadians prefer Pepsi or Coke
d. Whether the presence of food-relates cues can cause an increase in the amount of food that people eat

Question 36

What is the major difference between review articles and articles that report original empirical studies?

Answer 36

Review articles summarize findings from a large number of studies on a specific topic, whereas most empirical articles are more limited in scope.

Question 37

Theresa has decided to test whether listening to music while studying improves retention of the studied information. Now that she knows what she wants to test, what is the next step in scientific method?

Answer 37

Selecting the research method and designing the study

Question 38

Dr. Ostrofsy is investigating the effect of high room temperatures on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children in a classroom where the temperature is 31degrees(hot) and half are in a classroom where the temperature is 21degrees(normal). Dr. Ostrofsky measure the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom . In this study, what is the term for the temperature of the room?

Answer 38

Independent Variable

Question 39

Imagine that a group of researchers conducted a study designed to test the effectiveness of subliminal-message weight-loss tapes. Suppose the researches found that everyone lost weight during the study, even those who were given tapes without any subliminal messages. What could we conclude from the results?

Answer 39

There is evidence of a placebo effect.

Question 40

Researchers tested the physical coordination skills of 25-uyear-old males who had been deprived for 24, 36, or 48hours. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

Answer 40

The physical coordination skills of participants.

Question 41

(Short Answer) Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist assumptions about human nature?

Answer 41

Psychoanalytic talks about personality and abnormal behaviour in terms of unconscious process. Behavioristic emphasizes the importance of observable action. Humanistic emphasizes study of the person as a who and their feelings

Question 42

(Short Answer) Identify and, in your own words, describe four areas of psychological research

Answer 42

1) Developmental Psychology
2) Social Psychology
3) Experimental Psychology
4) Behavioural/neuroscience Psychology
5) Cognitive Psychology
6) Personality
7) Psychometrics

Question 43

Sigmund Freud (1905, pp. 77–78), arguing that it is possible to probe into the unconscious depths of the mind.

Answer 43

“He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If the lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore. And thus the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which it is quite possible to accomplish.”

Question 44

Carl Rogers (1961, p. 27), commenting on others’ assertion that he had an overly optimistic (Pollyannaish) view of human potential and discussing humans’ basic drive toward personal growth.

Answer 44

“I do not have a Pollyanna view of human nature. … Yet one of the most refreshing and invigorating parts of my experience is to work with [my clients] and to discover the strongly positive directional tendencies which exist in them, as in all of us, at the deepest levels.”

Question 45

John B. Watson (1930, p. 103), dismissing the importance of genetic inheritance while arguing that traits are shaped entirely by experience.

Answer 45

“Our conclusion is that we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the ultimately favourable outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murderers and thieves, and prostitutes.”

Question 46

Wilhelm Wundt (1874/1904, p. v), campaigning for a new, independent science of psychology.

Answer 46

“The book which I present to the public is an attempt to mark out a new domain of science. … The new discipline rests upon anatomical and physiological foundations. … The experimental treatment of psychological problems must be pronounced from every point of view to be in its first beginnings.”

Question 47

William James (1890), commenting negatively on the structuralists’ efforts to break consciousness into its elements and his view of consciousness as a continuously flowing stream.

Answer 47

“Consciousness, then, does not appear to itself chopped up in bits. Such words as ‘chain’ or ‘train’ do not describe it fitly. … It is nothing jointed; it flows. A ‘river’ or ‘stream’ is the metaphor by which it is most naturally described.”

Question 48

Psychology is theoretically diverse.

Answer 48

Several or more theoretical models of emotion have contributed to our overall understanding of the dynamics of emotion.

Question 49

Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.

Answer 49

According to the stress-vulnerability model, some people are at greater risk for developing certain psychological disorders for genetic reasons. Whether these people actually develop the disorders depends on how much stress they experience in their work, families, or other areas of their lives.

Question 50

Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

Answer 50

Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

Question 51

People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Answer 51

One of the difficulties in investigating the effects of drugs on consciousness is that individuals tend to have different experiences with a given drug because of their different expectations.

Question 52

Seven Major Themes that characterize the science of psychology:

Answer 52

Theme 1: Psychology is empirical. It is important to understand the need to acquire knowledge through systematic observation rather than through intuition, common sense, or speculation. Understanding this concept will allow you to recognize the problems some psychologists have with such topics as extrasensory perception (ESP) or with psychoanalytic suppositions.

Theme 2: Psychology is theoretically diverse. This is an important concept because many students of psychology expect “black and white” solutions to their questions about psychology. The fact is that, in many areas, one of several theoretical explanations can be correct.

Theme 3: Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Unless you accept this concept, it is all too easy to ridicule or disparage previous discoveries. For example, students often mock behaviourism in favour of cognitive psychology because a strict behaviouristic interpretation of the world “simply cannot be right.” Without understanding the context of behaviourism and its once dominant position in psychology, it is far too easy to be deprecating. Simply stated, no single theory can easily explain everything that is known about behaviour.

Theme 4: Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. It is common for introductory students to believe that there is a cause for a behaviour, rather than accepting that complex behaviours are more typically a function of multiple causation. The last 30 years have seen an increasing tendency for psychologists to accept this truism and to investigate several factors that might affect behaviour within the design of a single experiment.

Theme 5: Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. Although a common definition of psychology is “the science that studies behaviour,” a more accurate perception is that, until recently, it has been largely the science of Caucasian male behaviour. Much of the early experimental psychological research was based on the findings derived from a restricted population: undergraduate students who were usually male.

Theme 6: Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. While this statement may seem obvious, there was, in previous years, a tendency to believe that behaviour could be either 100% genetic or 100% environmental. For example, it used to be asked whether instinct could be described as completely genetic. Now it is recognized that all behaviours are a function of both environmental and genetic factors.

Theme 7: People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. Students of psychology often believe that their own interpretation of the world is the correct one and that everyone else either does or should interpret the world in this way.