Quiz 1 (Anatomy) Flashcards
Christian Doppler was an Austrian ______
physicist
when did Doppler invent radar Doppler?
1842
what is the doppler effect?
frequency of light and sound waves were affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector
what is peripheral vascularity?
arms and legs
what is cerebral vascularity?
head and neck
the history of doppler ultrasound is considered in terms of?
- basic developments
- clinical applications
- impact on medical practice
what has doppler ultrasound provided clinical applications in?
- waveform analysis
- localizing blood flow
- 2D gray scale mapping of blood vessels
what are 2 important applications of Doppler?
- detection and grading of atherosclerotic plaques in the internal carotid artery
- the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
why is doppler ultrasound preferred?
- non-invasive
- inexpensive
- easily accessible
what are gold standards instead of ultrasound?
- angiography (MRA/CTA)
- venography and arteriography
where is the heart located?
- middle mediastinum
- 3&4 intercostal space
- within pericardial sac
- 10-20 mL of serous fluid lubricated the heart
where is the apex of the heart?
left ventricle
what is the superior border of the heart?
atria chambers
what are the upper 2 chambers responsible for?
collecting (atria)
what are the lower 2 chambers responsible for?
pumping (ventricles)
how many 1 way valves are there?
4
what is the function of a 1 way valve?
maintains uniform direction of blood flow
what are the 2 atrioventricular valves?
Rt-tricuspid (3)
Lt-mitral valve (2)
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
- aortic
- pulmonic
how many leaflets do SL valves have?
3
where are the SL valves located?
between ventricles and great vessels
where are the papillary muscles located?
ventricles of the heart
-attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid)
why does the chordae tendineae contract?
prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves
what are chordae tendineae?
cord-like tendons
where do chordae tendineae connect?
connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart
what is the thick muscular tissue of the heart?
myocardium
where is the myocardium the thickest?
left ventricle
is the myocardium striated or not?
striated
is the myocardium involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
which layer is the myocardium?
middle layer
what does the myocardium do?
contract to push OUT blood
which layer is the endocardium?
inner layer
which layer is the pericardium?
connective tissue around the heart
what are the functions of the circulatory system?
- carry digested food
- carry oxygen
- aid in disposal of wastes
- distribute heat
- white blood cells help fight off infection
when blood enters the right atrium which valve is closed?
tricuspid valve
when does the right ventricle contract?
when it pumps blood through the pulmonary valve
what valve is closed when blood enters the left atrium?
mitral valve
how often does the blood pump through the heart?
60-80 times per minute
what are the 3 categories that vessels can be classified into?
- conducting
- distributing and collecting
- functioning
what makes up the conducting vessels?
- aorta
- IVC
- common iliac arteries and veins
- SVC
what are conducting vessels?
elastic arteries on the arterial side and great veins on venous side
what is the function of conducting vessels?
conducting oxygenated, nutrient rich blood out of the heart and deoxygenated blood and waste products back into the heart
what happens to distributing and collecting vessels as they course distally?
become more muscular and less elastic
what do collecting veins contain?
valves to prevent backflow of blood
distributing and collecting vessels change their task to distributing blood to and collecting blood from the tissues in ______________
varying states of oxygen and nutrient saturation
what can muscular walls of the distributing arteries do?
able to vary in caliber to control the blood supply to the area or organ that they supply
what are the functioning vessels?
capillaries
what happens in the capillaries?
blood gives up its nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and receives the waste product and carbon dioxide from the tissues
circulatory system is complex in both____________
structure and function
what is blood flow influenced by?
- cardiac function
- elasticity of walls
- tone of smooth muscle
- millions of branching vessels
what are the 3 layers of a vessel?
- tunica interna
- tunica media
- tunica externa/adventisa
how does cardiovascular disease affect the body?
- keeps blood from circulating nutrients and disposing of waste
- causes narrowing or hardening of the arteries
- affects the function of the heart itself
- the oxygenation process is affected as the capillaries may not get sufficient blood
what is the most common heart complication?
heart failure
heart failure
heart can no longer function properly
heart attack
clot in coronary artery blocks flow-damaging or destroying heart muscle
stroke
caused by the brain not getting enough blood-brain tissue dies
aneurysm
bulge in artery wall anywhere in the body-if it ruptures-internal bleeding or clot dislodges and blocks an artery
peripheral artery disease
extremity muscles are not getting enough oxygen to preform during exercise (leg pain when walking)
cardiac arrest
sudden loss of function in heart, breathing, and consciousness
BLOOD STOPS FLOWING
what are the symptoms of cardiovascular disease?
-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-fainting
CALL 911
heart arrhythmia
abnormal heart beats
cardiomyopathy
heart muscle disease
what can happen with an damaged heart valve?
- stenosis
- regurgitation
- infection
what does infection of a heart valve do and cause?
affects valves and muscles and causes endocarditis and myocarditis
atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries
-build up of plaque
build up of plaque
fatty and mineral deposits
what can less blood flow to the heart muscle cause?
chest pain or heart attack
what does CAD stand for?
coronary artery disease
what does atherosclerosis do?
reduces blood flow to heart muscle itself
what can atherosclerosis lead to?
hypertension or high blood pressure (higher than normal force of your blood on the walls of the arteries)
if CAD isn’t treated what can it lead to?
puts you at risk for heart attack or stroke
pathology
describes abnormal or undesired condition
pathophysiology
explains the physiological processes or mechanisms whereby such condition develops or progresses
-also the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
what are some conditions and risk factors that attribute to vascular disease
- obesity
- age
- gender
- diabetes
- e.t.c
what is velocity of the machine?
scale or PRF
what is the direction above the baseline?
toward the transducer
what are 2 way valves?
insufficient
is the tunica media thicker in arteries or veins?
arteries
veins ________when you push on them
coapt
clotacation
leg pain when walking
what are the first branches of the ascending aorta?
right and left coronary arteries
what is the purpose of the coronary arteries?
supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen
what are the branches of the aortic arch in order from right to left?
- branchiocephalic OR innominate artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian arteries
what does the branchiocephalic or innominate artery give rise to?
right subclavian and right common carotid artery
what is the most common normal variant of the aortic branches?
left common carotid artery arises from the branchiocephalic artery (22%)
what is the second most common normal variant of the aortic branches?
the BCA shares an origin with the left CCA (4-8%)
what is a 3rd normal variant with the aortic branches?
left vertebral artery arises directly off the arch
less than 1%
where do the vertebral arteries normally arise off of?
subclavian arteries
The right subclavian artery branches from ?`
brachiocephalic artery and courses laterally to the right arm
The left subclavian artery branches from?
directly from the arch arch and courses laterally to the left arm
where do the vertebral arteries coarse?
crosses over the first rib at a point just behind the anterior scalene muscle
what other branches does the subclavian artery give rise to?
internal mammary artery and the thyrocervical trunk
what is the subclavian artery continuous with?
axillary
where does the axillary artery coarse along?
inner aspect of the arm
what is the axillary artery continuous with?
brachial artery
what major branch does the branchial artery give off?
deep brachial artery
what 3 branches does the branchial artery branch into below the elbow?
ulnar, radial, interosseous artery
what supplies the hands with blood?
radial and ulnar
how do the radial and ulnar arteries communicate with each other?
via a single dorsal arch and 2 palmer arches (superficial and deep)
which palmer arch is the most proximal?
deep palmer arch
which palmer arch is most dominant?
superficial arch (gives rise to common digital arteries)
where are the extracranial arteries?
neck and face
what are the blood vessels that supply the brain?
-paired internal carotid arteries
-paired vertebral arteries
(4)
enter the base of the skull
how do the blood vessels of the brain communicate?
circle of willis
what is the coarse of the left common carotid artery?
arises directly from the arch and passes posteriorly and to the left sternoclavicular joint, coursing superiorly toward the brain
where do the CCA’s start branching?
at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
are the CCA’s symmetrical?
no
what is the bulb continuous with?
ICA
what artery supplies the brain with blood?
ICA
what artery supplies the neck and face with blood?
ECA
which artery is muscular and which is elastic?
ICA is muscular and CCA is elastic because of their sizes
what is the flow divider?
location of the carotid body and nerve complex of the carotid sinus
how is the ICA and ECA differentiated?
- ECA has extracranial branches
- ECA branches early after the bifurcation
- ECA branches many times along its coarse
what does the ECA give rise to?
superior thyroid artery
what does the ECA supply to?
neck, face, scalp, walls of the oral and nasal cavities, bones of the skull, and the dura mater
the ECA has a ______ resistive flow pattern
highly
what are the branches of the ECA from inferior to superior?
- superior thyroid
- ascending pharyngeal
- lingual
- facial
- occipital
- posterior auricular
- internal maxillary
- superficial temporal arteries
what are the most important ECA collaterals?
those that communicate with the ophthalmic artery or vertebral artery
what are the 4 most important ECA collaterals?
- occipital
- facial
- superficial temporal
- internal maxillary arteries
The ICA has a _______ resistant flow pattern as it supplies the brain?
low
what are some normal variants of the ICA?
-coils and kinks
coils are normal but kinks can lead to stenosis
what supplies the anterior part of the brain and what supplies the posterior?
anterior=ICA
posterior=ECA
which is more lateral? the ICA or ECA?
ICA
what are the 4 parts of the ICA?
- cervical
- petrous
- cavernous (siphon)
- supraclinoid
which portion of the ICA is extracranial?
cervical
which portion of the ICA passes through the temporal bone?
petrous
which portion of the ICA is tortuous and the ophthalmic artery branches off of?
cavernous (siphon)
which portion of the ICA the circle of willis?
supraclinoid
what is the first intracranial branch of the ICA?
ophthalmic artery
where do the vertebral arteries coarse?
upward for a short distance to enter the foramina transversaria of the 6th cervical vertebra
what do the vertebral arteries give off?
muscular and spinal branches
where do the vertebrals leave the cervical spine?
atlanto-occpital interspace and loop anteriorly to enter the foramen magnum
where do the vertebrals join to form the basilar artery?
pontomedullary junction
where does the vertebral vein drain?
into the innominate vein where valves are located
what is the first branch off of the subclavian artery?
vertebral artery
the subclavian artery gives rise to branches that supply what?
- brain
- neck
- thoracic wall
- shoulder
when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
after crossing the inferolateral margin of the teres major muscle
where does the brachial artery extend?
axilla to 1cm below the elbow joint
what is the largest branch of the branchial artery?
deep branchial artery (profundal brachii)
where is blood pressure measured?
antecubital fossa
which artery is larger? radial or ulnar?
ulnar
where does the ulnar artery extend?
distally along medial aspect of forearm
which vein supplies the superficial palmar arch?
ulnar
where does the radial artery extend?
distally along lateral aspect of the arm
what forms the deep palmar arch?
radial and ulnar
what are the superficial arm veins?
cephalic-lateral
basilic-medial
what are some deep arm veins?
- subclavian
- radial
- ulnar
- e.t.c
what veins unite at the elbow to form brachial veins?
- radial
- ulnar
- interosseous
are brachial arteries or veins paired?
veins
where does the Axillary vein becomes the Subclavian Vein?
level of the 1st rib
what does the external jugular vein (EJV) drain?
exterior of the cranium and deep parts of the face
what is the coarse of the cephalic vein?
extends from the antecubital fossa and dumps into the axillary vein-lateral (just below the clavicle)
what is the coarse of the basilic vein?
courses along the medial aspect of the biceps muscle
what does the cephalic and basilic vein form?
median cubital vein
what does the ICA branch to form?
anterior cerebral artery
what percent of the cardiac output supplies the brain?
15%
how fast can cellular death occur?
3-8 minutes
what is the artery of stroke?
MCA
what does the MCA supply?
frontal and parietal cortex
what does the Anterior cerebral artery supply?
frontal lobes and medial aspects of parietal and occipital lobes
what does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?
occipital and inferior temporal lobes including hippocampus
what do the vertebral supply?
medulla
what does the basilar artery supply?
pons and cerebellum
what is the brachium?
portion between the shoulder and elbow
what is the antebrachium?
portion of arm in-between elbow and wrist
what is another name for innominate?
brachiocephalic
