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Vascular > Quiz 1 (Anatomy) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 (Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Christian Doppler was an Austrian ______

A

physicist

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2
Q

when did Doppler invent radar Doppler?

A

1842

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3
Q

what is the doppler effect?

A

frequency of light and sound waves were affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector

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4
Q

what is peripheral vascularity?

A

arms and legs

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5
Q

what is cerebral vascularity?

A

head and neck

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6
Q

the history of doppler ultrasound is considered in terms of?

A
  • basic developments
  • clinical applications
  • impact on medical practice
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7
Q

what has doppler ultrasound provided clinical applications in?

A
  • waveform analysis
  • localizing blood flow
  • 2D gray scale mapping of blood vessels
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8
Q

what are 2 important applications of Doppler?

A
  • detection and grading of atherosclerotic plaques in the internal carotid artery
  • the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
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9
Q

why is doppler ultrasound preferred?

A
  • non-invasive
  • inexpensive
  • easily accessible
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10
Q

what are gold standards instead of ultrasound?

A
  • angiography (MRA/CTA)

- venography and arteriography

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11
Q

where is the heart located?

A
  • middle mediastinum
  • 3&4 intercostal space
  • within pericardial sac
  • 10-20 mL of serous fluid lubricated the heart
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12
Q

where is the apex of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

what is the superior border of the heart?

A

atria chambers

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14
Q

what are the upper 2 chambers responsible for?

A

collecting (atria)

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15
Q

what are the lower 2 chambers responsible for?

A

pumping (ventricles)

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16
Q

how many 1 way valves are there?

A

4

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17
Q

what is the function of a 1 way valve?

A

maintains uniform direction of blood flow

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18
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves?

A

Rt-tricuspid (3)

Lt-mitral valve (2)

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19
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves?

A
  • aortic

- pulmonic

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20
Q

how many leaflets do SL valves have?

A

3

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21
Q

where are the SL valves located?

A

between ventricles and great vessels

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22
Q

where are the papillary muscles located?

A

ventricles of the heart

-attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid)

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23
Q

why does the chordae tendineae contract?

A

prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves

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24
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

cord-like tendons

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25
Q

where do chordae tendineae connect?

A

connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart

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26
Q

what is the thick muscular tissue of the heart?

A

myocardium

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27
Q

where is the myocardium the thickest?

A

left ventricle

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28
Q

is the myocardium striated or not?

A

striated

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29
Q

is the myocardium involuntary or voluntary?

A

involuntary

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30
Q

which layer is the myocardium?

A

middle layer

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31
Q

what does the myocardium do?

A

contract to push OUT blood

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32
Q

which layer is the endocardium?

A

inner layer

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33
Q

which layer is the pericardium?

A

connective tissue around the heart

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34
Q

what are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • carry digested food
  • carry oxygen
  • aid in disposal of wastes
  • distribute heat
  • white blood cells help fight off infection
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35
Q

when blood enters the right atrium which valve is closed?

A

tricuspid valve

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36
Q

when does the right ventricle contract?

A

when it pumps blood through the pulmonary valve

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37
Q

what valve is closed when blood enters the left atrium?

A

mitral valve

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38
Q

how often does the blood pump through the heart?

A

60-80 times per minute

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39
Q

what are the 3 categories that vessels can be classified into?

A
  • conducting
  • distributing and collecting
  • functioning
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40
Q

what makes up the conducting vessels?

A
  • aorta
  • IVC
  • common iliac arteries and veins
  • SVC
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41
Q

what are conducting vessels?

A

elastic arteries on the arterial side and great veins on venous side

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42
Q

what is the function of conducting vessels?

A

conducting oxygenated, nutrient rich blood out of the heart and deoxygenated blood and waste products back into the heart

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43
Q

what happens to distributing and collecting vessels as they course distally?

A

become more muscular and less elastic

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44
Q

what do collecting veins contain?

A

valves to prevent backflow of blood

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45
Q

distributing and collecting vessels change their task to distributing blood to and collecting blood from the tissues in ______________

A

varying states of oxygen and nutrient saturation

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46
Q

what can muscular walls of the distributing arteries do?

A

able to vary in caliber to control the blood supply to the area or organ that they supply

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47
Q

what are the functioning vessels?

A

capillaries

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48
Q

what happens in the capillaries?

A

blood gives up its nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and receives the waste product and carbon dioxide from the tissues

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49
Q

circulatory system is complex in both____________

A

structure and function

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50
Q

what is blood flow influenced by?

A
  • cardiac function
  • elasticity of walls
  • tone of smooth muscle
  • millions of branching vessels
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51
Q

what are the 3 layers of a vessel?

A
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa/adventisa
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52
Q

how does cardiovascular disease affect the body?

A
  • keeps blood from circulating nutrients and disposing of waste
  • causes narrowing or hardening of the arteries
  • affects the function of the heart itself
  • the oxygenation process is affected as the capillaries may not get sufficient blood
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53
Q

what is the most common heart complication?

A

heart failure

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54
Q

heart failure

A

heart can no longer function properly

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55
Q

heart attack

A

clot in coronary artery blocks flow-damaging or destroying heart muscle

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56
Q

stroke

A

caused by the brain not getting enough blood-brain tissue dies

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57
Q

aneurysm

A

bulge in artery wall anywhere in the body-if it ruptures-internal bleeding or clot dislodges and blocks an artery

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58
Q

peripheral artery disease

A

extremity muscles are not getting enough oxygen to preform during exercise (leg pain when walking)

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59
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden loss of function in heart, breathing, and consciousness
BLOOD STOPS FLOWING

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60
Q

what are the symptoms of cardiovascular disease?

A

-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-fainting
CALL 911

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61
Q

heart arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart beats

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62
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

heart muscle disease

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63
Q

what can happen with an damaged heart valve?

A
  • stenosis
  • regurgitation
  • infection
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64
Q

what does infection of a heart valve do and cause?

A

affects valves and muscles and causes endocarditis and myocarditis

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65
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

-build up of plaque

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66
Q

build up of plaque

A

fatty and mineral deposits

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67
Q

what can less blood flow to the heart muscle cause?

A

chest pain or heart attack

68
Q

what does CAD stand for?

A

coronary artery disease

69
Q

what does atherosclerosis do?

A

reduces blood flow to heart muscle itself

70
Q

what can atherosclerosis lead to?

A

hypertension or high blood pressure (higher than normal force of your blood on the walls of the arteries)

71
Q

if CAD isn’t treated what can it lead to?

A

puts you at risk for heart attack or stroke

72
Q

pathology

A

describes abnormal or undesired condition

73
Q

pathophysiology

A

explains the physiological processes or mechanisms whereby such condition develops or progresses
-also the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury

74
Q

what are some conditions and risk factors that attribute to vascular disease

A
  • obesity
  • age
  • gender
  • diabetes
  • e.t.c
75
Q

what is velocity of the machine?

A

scale or PRF

76
Q

what is the direction above the baseline?

A

toward the transducer

77
Q

what are 2 way valves?

A

insufficient

78
Q

is the tunica media thicker in arteries or veins?

A

arteries

79
Q

veins ________when you push on them

A

coapt

80
Q

clotacation

A

leg pain when walking

81
Q

what are the first branches of the ascending aorta?

A

right and left coronary arteries

82
Q

what is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

A

supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen

83
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch in order from right to left?

A
  • branchiocephalic OR innominate artery
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian arteries
84
Q

what does the branchiocephalic or innominate artery give rise to?

A

right subclavian and right common carotid artery

85
Q

what is the most common normal variant of the aortic branches?

A

left common carotid artery arises from the branchiocephalic artery (22%)

86
Q

what is the second most common normal variant of the aortic branches?

A

the BCA shares an origin with the left CCA (4-8%)

87
Q

what is a 3rd normal variant with the aortic branches?

A

left vertebral artery arises directly off the arch

less than 1%

88
Q

where do the vertebral arteries normally arise off of?

A

subclavian arteries

89
Q

The right subclavian artery branches from ?`

A

brachiocephalic artery and courses laterally to the right arm

90
Q

The left subclavian artery branches from?

A

directly from the arch arch and courses laterally to the left arm

91
Q

where do the vertebral arteries coarse?

A

crosses over the first rib at a point just behind the anterior scalene muscle

92
Q

what other branches does the subclavian artery give rise to?

A

internal mammary artery and the thyrocervical trunk

93
Q

what is the subclavian artery continuous with?

A

axillary

94
Q

where does the axillary artery coarse along?

A

inner aspect of the arm

95
Q

what is the axillary artery continuous with?

A

brachial artery

96
Q

what major branch does the branchial artery give off?

A

deep brachial artery

97
Q

what 3 branches does the branchial artery branch into below the elbow?

A

ulnar, radial, interosseous artery

98
Q

what supplies the hands with blood?

A

radial and ulnar

99
Q

how do the radial and ulnar arteries communicate with each other?

A

via a single dorsal arch and 2 palmer arches (superficial and deep)

100
Q

which palmer arch is the most proximal?

A

deep palmer arch

101
Q

which palmer arch is most dominant?

A

superficial arch (gives rise to common digital arteries)

102
Q

where are the extracranial arteries?

A

neck and face

103
Q

what are the blood vessels that supply the brain?

A

-paired internal carotid arteries
-paired vertebral arteries
(4)
enter the base of the skull

104
Q

how do the blood vessels of the brain communicate?

A

circle of willis

105
Q

what is the coarse of the left common carotid artery?

A

arises directly from the arch and passes posteriorly and to the left sternoclavicular joint, coursing superiorly toward the brain

106
Q

where do the CCA’s start branching?

A

at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

107
Q

are the CCA’s symmetrical?

A

no

108
Q

what is the bulb continuous with?

A

ICA

109
Q

what artery supplies the brain with blood?

A

ICA

110
Q

what artery supplies the neck and face with blood?

A

ECA

111
Q

which artery is muscular and which is elastic?

A

ICA is muscular and CCA is elastic because of their sizes

112
Q

what is the flow divider?

A

location of the carotid body and nerve complex of the carotid sinus

113
Q

how is the ICA and ECA differentiated?

A
  • ECA has extracranial branches
  • ECA branches early after the bifurcation
  • ECA branches many times along its coarse
114
Q

what does the ECA give rise to?

A

superior thyroid artery

115
Q

what does the ECA supply to?

A

neck, face, scalp, walls of the oral and nasal cavities, bones of the skull, and the dura mater

116
Q

the ECA has a ______ resistive flow pattern

A

highly

117
Q

what are the branches of the ECA from inferior to superior?

A
  • superior thyroid
  • ascending pharyngeal
  • lingual
  • facial
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular
  • internal maxillary
  • superficial temporal arteries
118
Q

what are the most important ECA collaterals?

A

those that communicate with the ophthalmic artery or vertebral artery

119
Q

what are the 4 most important ECA collaterals?

A
  • occipital
  • facial
  • superficial temporal
  • internal maxillary arteries
120
Q

The ICA has a _______ resistant flow pattern as it supplies the brain?

A

low

121
Q

what are some normal variants of the ICA?

A

-coils and kinks

coils are normal but kinks can lead to stenosis

122
Q

what supplies the anterior part of the brain and what supplies the posterior?

A

anterior=ICA

posterior=ECA

123
Q

which is more lateral? the ICA or ECA?

A

ICA

124
Q

what are the 4 parts of the ICA?

A
  • cervical
  • petrous
  • cavernous (siphon)
  • supraclinoid
125
Q

which portion of the ICA is extracranial?

A

cervical

126
Q

which portion of the ICA passes through the temporal bone?

A

petrous

127
Q

which portion of the ICA is tortuous and the ophthalmic artery branches off of?

A

cavernous (siphon)

128
Q

which portion of the ICA the circle of willis?

A

supraclinoid

129
Q

what is the first intracranial branch of the ICA?

A

ophthalmic artery

130
Q

where do the vertebral arteries coarse?

A

upward for a short distance to enter the foramina transversaria of the 6th cervical vertebra

131
Q

what do the vertebral arteries give off?

A

muscular and spinal branches

132
Q

where do the vertebrals leave the cervical spine?

A

atlanto-occpital interspace and loop anteriorly to enter the foramen magnum

133
Q

where do the vertebrals join to form the basilar artery?

A

pontomedullary junction

134
Q

where does the vertebral vein drain?

A

into the innominate vein where valves are located

135
Q

what is the first branch off of the subclavian artery?

A

vertebral artery

136
Q

the subclavian artery gives rise to branches that supply what?

A
  • brain
  • neck
  • thoracic wall
  • shoulder
137
Q

when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

after crossing the inferolateral margin of the teres major muscle

138
Q

where does the brachial artery extend?

A

axilla to 1cm below the elbow joint

139
Q

what is the largest branch of the branchial artery?

A

deep branchial artery (profundal brachii)

140
Q

where is blood pressure measured?

A

antecubital fossa

141
Q

which artery is larger? radial or ulnar?

A

ulnar

142
Q

where does the ulnar artery extend?

A

distally along medial aspect of forearm

143
Q

which vein supplies the superficial palmar arch?

A

ulnar

144
Q

where does the radial artery extend?

A

distally along lateral aspect of the arm

145
Q

what forms the deep palmar arch?

A

radial and ulnar

146
Q

what are the superficial arm veins?

A

cephalic-lateral

basilic-medial

147
Q

what are some deep arm veins?

A
  • subclavian
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • e.t.c
148
Q

what veins unite at the elbow to form brachial veins?

A
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • interosseous
149
Q

are brachial arteries or veins paired?

A

veins

150
Q

where does the Axillary vein becomes the Subclavian Vein?

A

level of the 1st rib

151
Q

what does the external jugular vein (EJV) drain?

A

exterior of the cranium and deep parts of the face

152
Q

what is the coarse of the cephalic vein?

A

extends from the antecubital fossa and dumps into the axillary vein-lateral (just below the clavicle)

153
Q

what is the coarse of the basilic vein?

A

courses along the medial aspect of the biceps muscle

154
Q

what does the cephalic and basilic vein form?

A

median cubital vein

155
Q

what does the ICA branch to form?

A

anterior cerebral artery

156
Q

what percent of the cardiac output supplies the brain?

A

15%

157
Q

how fast can cellular death occur?

A

3-8 minutes

158
Q

what is the artery of stroke?

A

MCA

159
Q

what does the MCA supply?

A

frontal and parietal cortex

160
Q

what does the Anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

frontal lobes and medial aspects of parietal and occipital lobes

161
Q

what does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

occipital and inferior temporal lobes including hippocampus

162
Q

what do the vertebral supply?

A

medulla

163
Q

what does the basilar artery supply?

A

pons and cerebellum

164
Q

what is the brachium?

A

portion between the shoulder and elbow

165
Q

what is the antebrachium?

A

portion of arm in-between elbow and wrist

166
Q

what is another name for innominate?

A

brachiocephalic

Vascular (10 decks)

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