QUIZ 1 {AEIOU TIPS}

Question 1

A

Answer 1

• Alcohol
• Acidosis
• Arrhythmia

Question 2

E

Answer 2

• Endocrine
• Electrolyte
• Encephalopathy

Question 3

I

Answer 3

• Insulin
• Infection

Question 4

O

Answer 4

• Oxygen
• Overdose

Question 5

U

Answer 5

• Uremia

Question 6

T

Answer 6

• Trauma
• Tumour
• Thermal

Question 7

P

Answer 7

• Poisonings
• Psychiatric

Question 8

S

Answer 8

• Stroke
• Seizure
• Syncope

Question 9

Alcohol

Answer 9

• Alters the level of neurotransmitters
• Suppresses the release of some excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate), which slows down
  transmissions (increases the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter) which reduces
  energy levels and calms everything
• Alcohol increases dopamine, making you THINK you feel great

Question 10

Acidosis

Answer 10

• Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis affect the PCO2
• PCO2 is high in respiratory acidosis (due to failure to rid body of CO2)
• PCO2 is low in respiratory alkalosis (due to loss of CO2 during hyperventilation)
• Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, on the other hand, affect the serum bicarbonate level
• In metabolic acidosis the bicarbonate level is low, whereas in metabolic alkalosis the bicarbonate
  level is high

Question 11

Arrhythmia

Answer 11

• Effects Perfusion of blood to the brain
• Some arrhythmias can be serious and lead to sudden cardiac arrest or stroke
• If blood cannot be pumped efficiently from the heart, it may pool and clot, later clogging an
  artery and cutting off blood flow to the heart, brain, or other organs
• If an arrhythmia causes your heart to pump inefficiently for an extended period, permanent
  damage can occur resulting in heart failure.
• Some arrhythmias are fatal and require medical attention immediately.

Question 12

Endocrine

Answer 12

• The endocrine system is made up of a network of glands
• These glands secrete hormones to regulate many bodily functions, including growth and
  metabolism. — specific to brain – hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body. -including heart rate and bp – those leading to perfusion issues in the brain

Question 13

Electrolytes

Answer 13

• Sodium, potassium, calcium
• Effect’s cardiac function and neuron firing
• Causes of electrolyte imbalances could include dehydration, heat stroke, and excessive vomiting

Question 14

Encephalopathy

Answer 14

• Damage or disease that affects the brain
• Encephalopathy is not a single disease but a group of disorders with several causes
• Encephalopathy, on the other hand, refers to the mental state that can happen because of several types of health problems * Examples
  • hepatic encephalopathy; liver can’t remove toxins
  • encephalitis, meningitis
  • brain tumour

Question 15

Insulin

Answer 15

• Hypoglycemia
  * decreased blood sugar circulating to aid in brain
  function
  * cells don’t have what they need to perform their roles
• Hyperglycemia
  • DKA- prolonged hyperglycemia
  • causes metabolic acidosis

Question 16

Oxygen

Answer 16

• Hypoxia: insufficient O2 to brain
  
  • CO poisoning
  • Drowning
  • Altitude sickness
  • Asphyxiation
  • COPD
  • Full airway obstruction
  • Etc

Question 17

Overdose

Answer 17

• Dependant on the drugs involved
• Similar to alcohol intoxication
• Stimulant?
  
  • Methamphetamines
  • Cocaine
  • Prescription meds? – Adderall, Ritalin, Dexedrine
• Depressant?
  
  • Opioids
    
    • Prescription- Percocet, oxycodone, codeine, morphine
    • Street drugs – heroin
    • Synthetic opioids – fentanyl

Question 18

Uremia

Answer 18

• Buildup of toxins in blood
• Occurs when the kidneys stop filtering toxins out
  through urination
• Often sign of end stage renal disease
• Treatment is often dialysis, or kidney transplant is
  available and pt is indicated for surgery
• If left untreated, uremia can cause complications such as
  fluid accumulation, electrolyte/hormone imbalances or
  metabolic acidosis (see acidosis slide)

Question 19

Trauma

Answer 19

• Increases in ICP
  
  • increases pressure; decreases perfusion
• Hypovolemia
  
  • Decreased blood flow; lack of oxygen circulating
    therefore decreasing perfusion of tissues

Question 20

Thermal

Answer 20

• Hypothermia and Hyperthermia
  * Reduction in brain metabolic rate, effects on cerebral blood flow, reduction of the critical threshold for oxygen delivery

Question 21

Infection

Answer 21

• meningitis, encephalitis – inflammation of the neurons; inhibits function
• Infection, left untreated will lead to SEPSIS
• Common sources of infection include:
  • UTI
  • Cellulitis
  • Bed Sores
  • Uncared for wounds
  • Commonly overused IV drug sites (unclean drug
    paraphernalia)
  • Chest infections

Question 22

Poisonings

Answer 22

• See drug OD and alcohol – metabolic disturbance
• Alterations in the chemical environment dependant on type of ingestion
  
  • Creates acid/base balance issues
  • Examples include mercury or lead poisoning,cholinergic
    toxicity (organophosphate ingestion), CO poisoning
• Can be intentional/ unintentional
  
  • Accidental ingestion (children)
  • Intentional ingestion (suicide attempt)

Question 23

Psychiatric

Answer 23

• Chemical imbalances within pts brain
• Examples that alter LOA
  • Dementia
  • Excited delirium
  • Schizophrenia
  • Psychosis

Question 24

Stroke

Answer 24

• Intercranial hemorrhage affects blood flow
• Occlusive vs Hemorrhagic
• Consider neurological assessments, assess pupils, ask about onset time, headache, seizure at onset etc

Question 25

Seizure

Answer 25

• Misfiring or excessive firing of neurons
• Can be caused by trauma, temperature (febrile) , chronic hx (epilepsy), withdrawal, hypoglycemia
• Grand mal (full body convulsions) vs focal

Question 26

Syncope

Answer 26

• A temporary drop in the amount of blood that flows to the brain
• Can happen if you have a sudden drop in blood pressure, a drop in heart rate, or changes in the amount of blood in areas of your body