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PLNT 432 - Plant Breeding > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What breeding system form a zygote?

A

Sexual breeding system

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2
Q

What plants have both male and female parts on the same plants?

A

Monoecious

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3
Q

What are dioecious plants?

A

Male and female parts are on separate individuals

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4
Q

What are hermaphroditics plants?

A

Both male and female parts are on the same flower.

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5
Q

What breeding system do not involve fusion of male and female gametes?

A

Asexual

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6
Q

Is the multicellular sporophyte generation haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid. It occurs soon after fertilization.

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7
Q

Is the muticellular gametophyte generation haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid. It occurs soon after meiosis.

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8
Q

What are the parts in a complete flower?

A

Sepals, petals, stamen (anther and filament) and pistil (stigma, style and ovary).

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9
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A

When stamen and pistil are in the same floral structure (bisexual).

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10
Q

Fusion of the female and male gametes is the definition of:

a) Pollination
b) Fertilization

A

b) Fertilization

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11
Q

What is segregation?

A

New allele combinations. Can happen during sexual reproduction.

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12
Q

What is recombination?

A

New gene combinations. Can happen during sexual reproduction.

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13
Q

Those characteristics belong to what type of pollination?

  1. Flowers may not open.
  2. Pollen grains shed before the flowers open.
  3. Stigma and stamens may be hidden by the floral organs after the flowers open.
  4. Stigma may elongate through a staminal column shortly after the anthers open.
A

Self-pollinated crops.

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14
Q

Associate the type of asexual reproduction with its definition.

  1. Tissue Culture Propagation
  2. Apomixis
  3. Vegetative Propagation
    a. New plants produced from leaves or stems that form roots
    b. Whole plants produced from a group of cells
    c. Embryo development. from an unfertilized egg. No gamete fusion occurs.
A

1-b: Tissue Culture Propagation can result in whole plants produced from a group of cells.
2-c: Apomixis results in embryo development from an unfertilized egg. No gamete fusion occurs.
3-a: Vegetative propagation can result in new plants produced from leaves or stems that form roots.

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15
Q

True or False?

Vegetative propagation can only occur artificially.

A

False.

This can occur naturally (fragmentation) or artificially (cuttings).

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16
Q

What is the definition of male sterility?

A

When pollen is absent or nonfunctional.

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17
Q

What is the fertility regulating mechanism when plants with functional male and female gametes are unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination?

A

Self-incompatibility

18
Q

What is heteromorphic SI?

A

When the flowers are perfect (stamen and pistil on the same floral structure) but morphologically different, and that the male and female gametes are functional but unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination.

19
Q

What is homomorphic SI?

A

When all flowers have exactly the same structure, and that the male and female gametes are functional but unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination. Avoidance of self-fertilization depends on genetic/biochemical mechanisms.

20
Q

What is the name of a form of heteromorphic SI in which stamens and pistils vary in lenght?

A

Heterostyly

21
Q

In heterostyly (heteromorphic SI), associate
1. Thrum
2. Pin
A. Flowers have long stamens and short pistils
B. Flowers have short stamens and long pistils.

A

1-a. Thrum flowers have LONG STAMENS and short pistils.

2-b. Pin flowers have short stamens and LONG PISTILS.

22
Q

What are the 2 types of homomorphic SI?

A
  1. Sporophytic SI (SSI)

2. Gametophytic SI (GSI)

23
Q

True or False?

In SSI, outcome depends on the genotype of the plant producing pollen.

A

True

24
Q

True or False?
Pollen will not germinate on stigma of a flower that contains either of the two alleles in the sporophyte parent that produced the pollen in SSI.

A

True

25
Q

The letters SSI stand for what words?

A

Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.

26
Q

In GSI, the outcome depends on what genotype?

A

GSI outcome depends on the genotype of the POLLEN.

27
Q

Which self-incompatibility mechanism is more common between SSI or GSI?

A

GSI

28
Q

True or False?

Only the compatible pollen will germinate and grow into style in GSI.

A 
False.
All pollen (incompatible and compatible) will germinate and grow into style. However, growth of incompatible pollen tubes will be arrested by a RNase.
29
Q

Name 2 plants that use GSI.

A

Cherry and petunia.

30
Q

Associate the 3 basic kinds of male sterility with their description.

  1. Induced male sterility.
  2. Functional male sterility.
  3. True male sterility.
    a. Plant breeders may use chemicals to induce sterility.
    b. Unisexual flowers lack male sex organs OR bisexual flowers have abnormal or non-functional microspores (pollen abortion)
    c. The anthers fail to release pollen (but it’s fertile)
A

1-a. Induced male sterility: Plants breeders use chemicals.
2-c. Functional male sterility: the anthers fail to release pollen, but the pollen is fertile.
3-b. True male sterility: unisexual flowers lack male sex organs OR bisexual flowers with abnormal or non-functional microspores (no pollen or infertile pollen).

31
Q

True or False?

Flowers on male-sterile plant cannot be cross-pollinated.

A

False.

Flowers on male-sterile plant can be cross-pollinated using pollen from a male fertile plant.

32
Q

Where are the genes that govern the cytoplasmic male sterility?

A

In the mitochondrial genome

33
Q

Associate the type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) with its definition.

  1. Alloplasmic
  2. Autoplasmic
    a. CMS has arisen within a species as a result of mutational changes in cytoplasm (most likely in the mitochondrial genome)
    b. CMS has arisen from intergeneric, interspecific or intraspecific crosses.
A

1-b. Alloplasmic: CMS has arisen from intergeneric, interspecific or intraspecific crosses.
2-a. Autoplasmic: CMS has arisen within a species as a result of mutational changes in cytoplasm (most likely in the mitochondrial genome)

34
Q

When the genes controlling male sterility are in one of the cytoplasmic genomes, will the sterility be inherited maternally or paternally?

A

Maternally

35
Q

What is the name of the phenomen where there is a sterile cytoplasm but there is a nuclear gene for restoring fertility ?

A

Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS)

36
Q

What are the 3 types of biochemicals to produce male sterile plants?

A
  1. Feminizing hormones
  2. Inhibitors of anther or pollen développement
  3. Inhibitors of pollen fertility.
37
Q

What is the name of the study of pollen

A

Palynology

38
Q

True or false?

A young pollen grain is diploid.

A

False.

A young pollen grain is haploid.

39
Q

What is pollen viability?

A

It refers to the ability of pollen grain to GERMINATE and PRODUCE male gametes.

40
Q

What do you use as a reagents for pollen viability?

A

2% Potassium Iodide

41
Q

What do you use as a reagents to observe pollen germination?

A

Pollen germination medium PGM

PLNT 432 - Plant Breeding (1 decks)

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