Quiz #1 Flashcards
All behavior in ___ ___ (___ ___) is a result of nervous system function.
Living systems (except sponges)
What is affect brain processes?
abstract
What is cognition?
ability to reason
Brain processes underlie not only simple motor business but…
high order cognition & affect
What are behavioral disorders?
results from disturbances of brain.function
What did Galen do? (3 things)
- 1st person to say the brain is not a potato sack
- Nerves conveyed fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body’s periphery (2nd century B.C.)
- Heart is not the center of all function
What did Luigi Galvani? (1 thing)
- 1st person to understand the connection between nerve and muscle cell (electrical currents) (1700s)
What did Golgi & Ramón y Cajal do? (1 thing)
- characterized nerve cells in the late 1800s as demonstrating that nerve tissue is composed of networks of cells and not syncytia
What did Ross Harrison do? (2 things)
- father of developmental neuro
2. demonstrated dendritic & axonal growth (growth cone) which led to developing axon to its target cell in the 1920s
What did Sanford Palay do? (1 thing)
- demonstrated the existence to synapse in the 1950s solidifying the “Neuron Doctrine”
What did Müller, Du Bois-Reymond and Von Helmholtz do? (1 thing)
- measured the speed of conduction of electrical activity along the axon of a nerve cell (1800s)
What did Bernard (France), Ehrlich (Germany) and Langley (England) do? (1 thing)
- demonstrated that drugs (chemical component( use receptors in the surface membrane of the cells (1800s)
What did René Descartes do? (1 thing)
- Brain medicates perception, memory, motor acts, appetites & passions; but the mind mediates higher mental functions and is controlled by the soul, communicating via the pineal gland (1600s)
What did Spinoza do? (1 thing)
- Developed a unified view of mind-body (1600s) to clarify the “Dualistic View” of the brain function
What is the Tabula Rosa view (1700s)?
Blank slate theory; individuals are born without built-in mental content & therefore all knowledge comes from experience and perception
What did idealists like Kant believe?
the view that our perceptions of the world are determined by inherent feature of our mind/brain (1700s)
What did Darwin propose?
animals could serve as models for human behavior (1800s)
Who sparked a merge in psychology & biology int eh 1800s?
Franz Jospeh Gall
What are the 4 parts of the CNS?
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Retina
- Olfactory
What are the 5 parts of the PNS?
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
- Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
Rostral
toward frontal lobe
Caudal
toward occipital lobe
Dorsal
top
Ventral
bottom
What is the most rostral component of the CNS?
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Function
Receives & processes information from skin, joints and muscles of the limbs/trunk, responsible for voluntary & reflexive movement
Spinal Cord Parts
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
Spinal Cord Location
attaches to brain stem
Medulla Oblongata Location
rostral to spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata Function
responsible for autonomic functions (digestion, breathing & heart rate)
Pons Location
rostral to medulla oblongata
Pons Function
movement from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum
Midbrain Location
rostral to the pons
Midbrain Function
eye movement, coordination & auditory reflexes
Cerebellum Location
Caudal the pons & connected to the brainstem at the peduncles
Cerebellum Function
Modulates forces and range of motion is involved in the learning of motor skills
Diencephalon Location
rostral to the midbrain
Diencephalon Parts
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Thalamus Function
processes most information that reaches cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus Function
regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions
Cerebrum Parts
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
Cerebrum –> 3-Deep Seated Structure
- Basal Ganglia
- Hippocampus
- Amygdaloid Nuclei
Neuromuscular function causes…
muscular contraction
Spinal Cord varies in size and is ___ in levels of the arms & legs
thicker
What is the Dorsal Horn?
order arrangement of sensory relay neurons that receive inout from periphery
What is the Ventral Horn?
regulate motor neuron firing patterns axon of motor neurons innervate specific muscles
What is white matter?
contains longitudinal ascending and descending tracks of myelinated axons rostral to caudal
Ascendaing pathways
to the brain
Descending pathways
brain –> muscle
How many spinal nerve bundles are there?
31
What does the sensory component do?
muscles –> spinal cord (pain, temperature, touch and visual sensory information)
What does the motor component do?
composed of axons of sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons
What is the most caudal portion of the brain stem?
medulla
What is the pontine nuclei?
Groups of neurons that relay information about movement and sensation from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum (ventral portion)
What does the dorsal portion of the pons do?
contains structures that involve in respiration, taste and sleep
What is the substantial nigra?
- input to basal ganglia regarding voluntary movement
- pathways to extra ocular muscles (eye movement)
- auditory & visual function
How many total cranial nerves are there?
12
What separates the cerebellum & pons?
separated into lobes by fissures
The superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates…
circadian rhythms & cyclical behaviors (daily light/dark cycle)
Amygdala Function
expression of emotion
Hippocampus Function
memory formation
Basal Ganglia Function
control of movement & aspects of motor learning
The Hippocampal Formation includes
hippocampus, dentate gyrus & subiculum
What are the 5 functional subcomponents of basal ganglia?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Substantia Nigra
Function of Cingulate Gyrus
emotion & cognition
Function of Insular Cortex
emotion & reg. of homeostasis
Location of Cingulate Gyrus
surrounds dorsal surface of corpus callousum
Location of Insular Cortex
buried within lateral sulcus
Forebrain contains…
diencephalon & cerebrum
Midbrain contains…
incl. colliculi & substantia nigra
Hindbrain contains…
medulla oblongata, pons & cerebellum
Parts of a Discrete Nervous System
- 5 senses
- different movement classes (eyes, arms & hand)
- Language
Output of a ___ ___ is rarely the same input
Synaptic Relay
Inputs from peripheral ___ ___ are arranged ___ throughout successive processing stages
receptie surfaces; topographically
The lateral sulcus (___ ___)separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parental lobe
Sylvian Fissure
What separates the frontal and parental lobes?
Central Sulcus
What permits high-density packing neurons?
Convoluted/folding features
Does cortex thickness vary across species?
No
What increases dramatically causing humans to have a greater capacity for information processing?
Surface area
Primary visual cortex is ___ the occipital lobe
caudal
Primary visual cortex is associated with…
calcimine sulcus
Primary auditory cortex is associated with..
Heschl’s gyro on lateral sulcus
Primary somatosensory cortex is ___ to central sulcus
caudal
Cells in the primary motor cortex influence ____ ____ of spinal cord which determines movement
ventral horn
Brodmann’s division improved neurobiology how?
closed gap between phrenologists & neurologists
Most CNS pathways are ___ ___ and cross-over to opposite side of the brain or spinal cord
bilaterally symmetrical
What are decussations?
Contralateral relays of 2nd order fibers in brainstem & spinal cord
What does the PNS supply?
Supplies CNS with continuous stream of information about internal & external environment
Sensory neuron cell bodies lie in the ___ ___ ___ & ___ ___
dorsal root ganglia & cranial ganglia
ANS mediates visceral sensation & motor control of
viscera, vascular system & exocrine
What does the ANS consist of? (3 things)
- Sympathetic System
- Parasympathetic System
- Enteric System
SS
physical response to stress
PS
involved in homeostasis & resource conservation
ES
controls smooth muscle in the gut (neurons located adjacent to viscera)
Cranial Nerve 1
olfactory nerve
Cranial Nerve 2
optic nerve
Cranial Nerve 3
Oculomotor nerve
Cranial Nerve 4
Trochlear nerve
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal nerve
Cranial Nerve 6
Abducens nerve
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial nerve
Cranial Nerve 8
auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial Nerve 9
glossopharyngeal nerve
Cranial Nerve 10
vagus nerve
Cranial Nerve 11
Spinal accessory nerve
Cranial Nerve 12
hypoglossal nerve
CNS Functional Divisions
- Brain
2. Spinal Cord
PNS Functional Divisions
- Somatic
2. Autonomic (Sympathetic, Parasympathetic & Enteric System)
6 Layers of Neocortex
- Molecular
- External Granule
- External Pyramdial
- Internal Granule
- Internal Pyramidal
- Multiform
My Energetic Elephant Ignited Impossible Multimedia
What is the input of the neocortex?
thalamus
Molecular Layer (Layer 1)
dendrites in deep layers & axons that travel to layers connecting areas to cortex
External Granule Layer (Layer 2)
contains small spherical & pyramidal neurons that project to same cortical areas and other cortical areas (intracortical communication)
External Pyramidal (Layer 3)
larger & deeper pyramidal neurons involved in intracortical communication
What are apical dendrites?
layers 1-3 contain apical dendrites of layer 2, 3, 5 & 6
Internal Granule (Layer 4)
- spherical cells
- function: primary recipient of sensory input from thalamus
- neuron density varaitaions
Internal Pyramidal (Layer 5)
- large pyramidal shaped cells
- major output to cortex projects (cortical areas & subcortical structures)
Multiform Layer (Layer 6)
- heterogenous blending into white matter tray forms deep limit of cortex
- carries axons to and from cortex
What are basal dendrites?
layers 5 & 6 that contain b. dendrites from layers 3, 4, 5, & 6
Association Connections
Layers 2 & 3
Subcortical Projections
Layers 5 & 6
What do cortical neurons depend on?
location of dendrite & cell body of neuron
What are neuron columns?
fundamental computational module (similar response properties & composing processing network)
What are the 2 types of neurons?
- principial neurons (projection)
2. Local interneurons
Principal Neurons
pyramidal cells of 3, 5, & 6 –> convey info. to next synaptic relay
Local Interneurons
axons in same area as cell bodies that receive input from same source of principal cells
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
afferent fibers that terminate layer 4
Parvocellular Layers (P)
terminate layer 4C beta with minor inputs to 4A & Layer 1
Magnocellular Layers (M)
- terminate layer 4C alpha & layer 6
- collaterals of both cell types
Intralaminar Regions (I)
terminate blob region of layer 2 & 3
What are the two types of neurons of the primary visual cortex?
spiny satellite & pyramidal cells (excitatory)
Smooth stellate cells are ___
inhibitory
What type of neurons are stellate cells?
local neurons
4C Sublayer Input
M & P cells on spiny stellate (project to 4B and upper layer 2 & 3)
What are the intralaminar zones?
Layers 2 & 3
Intracortical connections of Layers 2 & 3
connect to layer 5 (also 2, 3, & 6) then axon collaterals of 6 loop back to layer 4C onto smooth stellate cells
What is the output exception?
4C
Extra-striate visual cortex areas
2, 3 & 4B
Output of Layer 5
superior colliculus, pons & pulvinar
Output of Layer 6
lateral geniculate nucleus & claustrum
5 basic features of NS
- structural components of nerve cells
- neurons producing signals
- connections of neuron-neuron, neuron-muscle & neuron-gland systems
- interconnections dictate behavior
- neurons modified by experience
What are the two main classes of brain cells?
- Glia (support)
2. neurons (signaling)
What depicts different actions in nerve cells?
nature of neuroconnections
How many different types of neurons?
10^11 into 10^3 types
How many different types of glia?
10^12 (10 to 50 times more glia)
What are the functions of Glia? (8)
- Support & structure
- Insulation
- Produce myelin sheaths for axons (oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells)
- Scavengers
- housekeepers
- development
- regulation of NMJ for presynaptic terminals
- Brain-Blood Barrier (astrocytes provide impermeable lining to prevent toxicity)
CNS Neuroglia (4)
- Ependymal Cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
PNS Neuroglia (2)
- Satellite Cells
2. Schwann Cells
What are the two types of glia?
- Microglia
2. Macroglia
What are microglia?
phagocytes that mobilize injury, infection or disease
What are microglia?
physiologically & embryologically unrelated to NS cells
When are microglia activated?
during infection, injury or seizure
Microglia may serve as ___ ____ ____ cell in the CNS
major antigen presenting
What disease are microglia believed to be involved in ?
- MS
- AIDS related dementia
- Neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s & Alzheimers)
What are the three classes of microglia?
- oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
small cells with few processes that insulate axons of CNS & envelop 15 axonal internodes each
Schwann Cells
small cells with few processes that insulate axons of PNS
Astrocytes
not much known
What are the 4 parts of neurons?
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axon (also Axon Hillock)
- Pre-Synaptic Terminals
What does the cell body include?
nucleus, ER, Golgi and more
Function of Cell body
produce proteins & mediate general cell processes
What are dendrites?
branch out with rich NT receptors (main signal receivers)
What is the axon?
- tubular processes 0.2-2.0 micrometers diameter & 0.1 mm-2.0, in length
- structure along AP @ speed of 1-100 m/s
What is the pre-synaptic terminal?
-end of axon where NT is released into synaptic cleft
3 types of Multipolar Neuron
- Motor Neuron
- Pyramidal Neuron
- Purkinje Cells
2 Types of Bipolar Neurons
- Retinal Neuron
2. Olfactory Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
Touch & Pain sensory neuron (knee-jerk reflex)
Anaxonic Neuron
Amacrine Cell
Sensory Neurons can be subdivided into two functional groups which are…
- Mono-stratified
2. Bi-stratified
Divergence
signal comes in through one and develops into many different signals
Convergence
multiple signals come in and come together to one signal
Which type of neuron does not have a conductive component?
Local Interneuron
Regions of Electrical & Integral components (4)
- Input
- Integrative
- Conductive
- Output
6 Mono-stratified Functions
- Midget
- Parasol
- Large Sparse
- Giant Sparse
- Broad Thorny
- Narrow Thorny
2 Bi-stratified Functions
- Small
2. Large
If the optic nerve (II) or olfactory tract is interrupted, will it regenerate?
No, it will not regenerate.
What lies directly above the tentorium?
occipital lobe
Function of tentorium (3)
- covers cerebellum
- supoorts occipital lobe
- hard structure
What brainstem region lies or sits in the tentorial notch (incisure)?
Midbrain
What is the name of the sensory ganglion that is located in the temporal bone where the arrow is pointing?
Geniculate Ganglion
What are the major structural differences between dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and autonomic ganglia?
The DRG contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons whereas the sympathetic ganglia contain the synaptic junctions between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
What cells form the myelin sheaths around the axons in CN II(2) and VIII (8)?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively.
What vessels serve the primary somatosensory cortex?
Anterior & Middle Cerebral Cortex
What vessel supplies this gyrus?
Anterior
Sudden occlusion of which artery, near its origin, will produce the most devastating effects?
Middle Cerebral Artery & Dominant Hemisphere
What vessels serve areas involved in speech in the majority of people?
Left middle cerebral artery
What vessel supplies the primary auditory cortex?
Middle Cerebral artery
If the cerebral artery were occluded, the result would be:
primary visual cortex
A general principle of cortical organization is that sensory information and motor control for each half of the body are on the opposite side of the brain. Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, as occurred here, will likely result in:
decreased sensation and motor control of left arm and hand
Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in dilation of which of the following?
lateral & third ventricles
What does not border the third ventricle? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. 4th ventricle D. Inter-ventricular foramen E. Aqueduct
C. 4th ventricle
Does the cortex have uniform thickness?
No
The corpus callous is usually considered a…
commissure
What transfers CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses (venous system)?
arachnoid granulations
What does the ventricular system represent?
Neural canal
CSF is produced by
choroid plexus cells
The cerebral cortex is a sheet of gray matter that covers white matter. What does the white matter represent?
axons and glial cells
What happens if the arachnoid granulations do not function?
Increased pressure will eventually affect brain stem areas for consciousness and reflex centers for respiration and cardiac control (medulla).
Which region of the brain is associated with the 4th ventricle?
rhombencephalon. ..
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
White matter is a collection of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that conduct signals from one area of gray matter to another. What cell bodies can be recognized in white matter?
Cell bodies of glial cells
The spinal nerves consist of ventral and dorsal roots. Where are the cell bodies of the axons in each root?
Ventral root cell bodies are in the gray matter of the spinal cord and dorsal root cell bodies are in ganglia.
The spinal pia forms collagenous ligaments that anchor it to the dura. These are the denticulate ligaments. What is their spatial relationship to the dorsal and ventral roots?
The denticulate ligaments attach between the exits and entrances of the ventral and dorsal roots forming each spinal nerve.
What cord segments comprise the conus medullaris, and what do they innervate?
The conus consists of lower sacral and a small coccygeal segment that innervates the perineum.
What does the cauda equina (Latin for horse’s tail) represent?
Both dorsal and ventral roots within the subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris.
If it were necessary, as it sometimes is, to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to sample CSF, where is a relatively safe point for needle insertion?
between L3 & L4
Why is the cervical and lumbar region of spinal cord larger?
increased number of axons and cell bodies to innervate skin and muscles
Nucleus XII: where do its axons terminate?
On the genioglossus and other muscles of the tongue.
What is the source of the preganglionic parasympathetic axons traveling with this cranial nerve?
superior salivatory nucleus
Our facial and pharyngeal muscles are derived from the muscles of the embryonic gill arches. Are there any other examples?
Yes, the cricothyroid, muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, stapedius and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are also branchiomeric.
The abducens nucleus innervates
striated muscle for lateral gaze
What is a dermatome?
The area of skin innervated by a dorsal root ganglion.
Regarding Lissauer’s poorly myelinated tract synapse…
It consists of first order sensory axons with ascending and descending branches which run longitudinally for 1 to 3 segments.
What two structures form the spinoreticular tract, corticospinal tract and the ventral spinocerebellar?
Second order spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system) axons and local interneurons
In the medulla, where is the anterolateral system located with respect to the nucleus ambiguus?
It is lateral to the nucleus ambiguus.
Is the cuneate fasciculus is located at this level of the spinal cord?
No, is found near the sacrum
The dorsal columns are organized…
With medial fibers representing sacral regions and lateral fibers cervical regions.
A patient complains of numbness of the fingers which progresses to loss of temperature sensation bilatterally. This condition results from:
Interruption of anterior white commissure
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
opposite side
Sensory dissociation is the loss of pain and temperature with sparing of vibration, joint position, and fine touch. By knowing the location of the two pathways that carry the information, and knowing where the second order axons cross, you conclude that this will most likely occur at which level:
Medulla
Unilateral obstruction of the deep thalamic perforating vessels would result in:
Loss of all somatic sensation contra-laterally
How do axons from this nucleus reach the postcentral gyrus?
Internal capsule
If the postrema was selectively destroyed on both sides, could vomiting be induced by either pharyngeal tickling or gastric distress?
Yes
A person with a lesion of the IX and X nerve, between the brain stem and the ganglion, would have difficulty with which of the following?
swallowing
To what cortical region does this nucleus of the thalamus project?
post central gyrus
Transverse temporal lobe sends signals to…
primary auditory cortex
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that innervate the taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue?
Petrosal or inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
What other cranial nerve is most likely to be affected if a tumor of nerve VIII produced pressure in the cerebellopontine angle?
Nerve V
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that form the descending tract of V ?
Trigeminal ganglion
If a growth in the Nerve V region produces sufficient pressure on the middle cerebellar peduncle to cause degeneration of the incoming axons, which of the following will occur?
Loss of facial sensation, sensation from part of the tongue & corneal reflex
A person with a left facial paralysis who is also deaf in the left ear is tested for his corneal reflex.
Stimulation of left cornea produces a consensual but not a direct reflex.
What nerves innervate taste bud receptors?
Nerve VII, IX and X
The contraction of thoracic and abdominal striated muscles involved in vomiting depends on the stimulation of ventral horn cells at the appropriate spinal cord levels. How are these connected with the nucleus solitarius?
Through the reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts.
This ganglion is a homologue of what structure associated with the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
The sensory division of the trigeminal nerve innervates all of the following structures EXCEPT…
A. Skin over the angle of the jaw.
B. Cornea.
C. The dura.
D. Pain receptors of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
E. Sinuses in the skull.
A. Skin over the angle of the jaw.
Which of the following is a sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus?
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
What is the efferent arm of the gag reflex?
X
The central retinal artery is a branch of the
Ophthalmic Artery
What part of the ventricular system is closest to the optic radiations?
Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle
What is the difference between the optic nerve and tract?
Optic tract - both ipsilateral and contralateral axons
Optic nerve - ipsilateral axons
The receptors of the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals, shown here, are examples of?
Mechanoreceptors
What does the macula do?
signals orientation with respect
In the absence of bilateral vestibular function, orientation of the body in space is possible due to:
Visual & Dorsal column input
Which of the following is the lowest level at which “BINAURAL” input to the same neuron occurs?
Superior Olivary Nuclei
Cranial nerves VII and VIII pass through the
Internal auditory meatus
Branches of which cerebral artery vascularize the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and the angular gyrus?
Middle Cerebral
Where is the dorsal root ganglion of the auditory portion of VIII ?
Bony spiral lamina
True or False:
These cells, whose axons terminate directly on skeletal muscle fibers are also known as ‘lower motor neurons.’
True
A lesion placed in which the following would have the most devastating clinical effects to the patient?
A. The precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
B. The anterior limb of the internal capsule.
C. The posterior limb of the internal capsule.
D. The anterolateral system.
E. The postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
C. The posterior limb of the internal capsule.
Cortical afferents in the internal capsule have their cell bodies located in:
thalamic nuclei
What types of sensory endings, other than muscle spindles, convey information to the cerebellum via spinal cord tracts?
Golgi tendon organs & mechanoreceptors
What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?
cerebellar peduncles
What is ataxia?
Error in the rate, force, and direction of movement.
True or False:
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is contralateral to its cell bodies.
False
What is the order of the nuclei in the pons?
Cortex–>internal capsule–>cerebral peduncle
What is the vascular supply of the pons?
Basilar artery
What is the orientation of the Purkinje cell dendrites with respect to the granule cell axons?
perpendicular
True or False:
The right cerebral cortex affects the function of the right cerebellar cortex.
False, its contralateral!
True or False:
The clinical signs of cerebellar hemisphere disease generally occur on the same side as the lesion.
True
Occlusion of PICA has compromised the lateral medulla. What happens?
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature from the face.
Thalamic lesions are used to alleviate Parkinson’s disease in cases that are refractory to L-dopa. What thalamic nucleus is the stereotaxic target for the neurosurgeons?
Ventral Lateral (premotor & suppl. motor regions)
The majority of hypertensive hemorrhages occur in the basal ganglia. Rupture of branches of which artery are most common?
Lenticulostriate or lateral striate
What is lacking the brain of one who has Parkinson’s disease?
loss of cells in the caudate and putamen
A patient with a resting tremor in the right hand is killed in a traffic accident and is autopsied. The neuropathology report states there is a loss of cells in:
left substantial nigra
Pallidothalamic axons cross the
posterior limb of the internal capsule
The third ventricle is surrounded by the following structures with the EXCEPTION of: A. Anterior commissure. B. Fornix. C. Posterior Commissure. D. Choroid plexus. E. Optic tract.
Optic Tract
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in
Intermediate or lateral horn (T1-L2)
What influence autonomic activity?
direct & indirect pathways
What are the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
- contains hormones packaged as granules
- results in diabetes insidious when served
- is involved in the milk letdown reflex
- transmits nerve impulses that result in hormonal release
What is the tuberoinfundibular tract?
A tract carrying releasing hormones.
The capillaries in the median eminence…
simple fenestrated capillaries
True or False:
Releasing hormones have a longer half-life than do ADH and Oxytocin.
False
The medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus…
Is a group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus.
What does the thalamic nucleus project to?
cingulate cortex
Where does the thalamus nucleus receive input from?
hypothalamus
The hippocampus receives direct input from…
Parahippocampal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, septalnuclei and hypothalamus
What does the hippocampus terminate in? (3)
- Septal nuclei
- anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- mammillary bodies
The “fila” of the olfactory system are:
Bundles of small axons that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
The amygdala is immediately ___ and ___ to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
medial; rostral
The major structural difference between the somatosensory and olfactory systems is
olfactory system does not relay in the thalamus
What is the major thalamic source of afferents to this gyrus?
Anterior thalamic nuclei
Axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells travel in the
Fornix
The thickened portion of the septum pellucidum represents
septal nuclei
Olfactory receptors are located in
Nasal Mucosa
One of the reasons we know tht the olfactory tract is part of the CNS is because
It is part of the central nervous system in terms of embryological origin.
Olfactory information reaches the temporal lobe via
The lateral olfactory stria.
Small collateral branches of this artery supply what area of the brainstem?
pons
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system? A. Mammillary bodies B. Fornix C. Putamen D. Hippocampus
C. Putamen
The superior colliculus is the structure within the
midbrain
What are the brain and spinal cord wrapped in?
meninges
Function of Caudate Nucleus
Motor control
What is the most common type of neuron?
multipolar
The ventral roots of the spinal cord carry
motor information to muscles
Basal ganglia do…
motor control
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal parietal lobes by the ___ fissure.
Sylvian
What does the neuron doctrine state?
neurons are contiguous with one another
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by
corpus callosum
