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ANT 102 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The major subfields of anthropology

A

cultural, linguistic, archaeology, physical or biological

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2
Q

Physical anthropology (1)

A

-a discipline that seeks to explain how and when human beings evolved. This requires a detailed examination of the primate, and particularly hominin, fossil record. Another major topic is human biological variation, its genetic basis, and its adaptive significance. They also study the behavior and biology of nonhuman primates, partly as a method of understanding humans, but also because nonhuman primates are important themselves.

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3
Q

Physical anthropology (2)

A

A scientific approach to the investigation to all aspects of human evolution, variation, and adaption. Research in this field is based on the scientific method.

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4
Q

The scientific method (1)

A

-a system of inquiry that involves the development of hypotheses to explain some phenomenon. To determine the validity of hypotheses, scientists develop research designs aimed at collecting information (data) and testing the data to see if they support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is not supported by the data, then it may be rejected or modified and retested. If it is not supported, it may also be modified or refined over time and further tested. Further tests frequently use new technologies that have been developed since the original hypothesis was proposed. If a hypothesis stands up to continued testing, then it may eventually be accepted as a theory or part of a theory.

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5
Q

Hominins

A
  • Colloquial term for members of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now extinct bipedal relatives.
  • members of the evolutionary lineage that also includes our own species, Homo Sapiens.
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6
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of one species are re-productively isolated from members of all other species (i.e. they cannot mate with them to produce fertile offspring).

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7
Q

Bipedal

A

on two feet; walking habitually on two legs.

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8
Q

Anthropology (1)

A

the field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology; includes cultural anthropology, archeology, linguistics, and physical, or biological, anthropology.

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9
Q

Primates

A

members of the mammalian order Primates, which includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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10
Q

evolution

A

a change in the genetic makeup or structure of a population from one generation to the next. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.

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11
Q

Physical anthropologists

A

Two overarching concerns: 1) human origins 2) human variation

  • a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral characteristics of human beings; our closest relatives, the non-human primates, and their ancestors. It helps us to explain what it means to be human.
  • They try to answer questions through the study of human evolution, variation, and adaption. It is human biology seen from an evolutionary perspective.
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12
Q

Adaption

A

an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. Adaptions result from evolutionary change (specifically, as a result of natural selection).

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13
Q

Marcoevolution

A

Over time, some genetic changes in populations do result in the appearance of a new species (or speciation), especially when those populations are isolated from one another. it takes millions of years.

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14
Q

Microevolution

A

genetic alterations within populations; while this type of change may not lead to speciation, it does cause populations of a species to differ from one another in the frequency of certain traits.

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15
Q

Genetic

A

having to do with the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms are the foundation for evolutionary change.

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16
Q

Culture

A

behavioral aspects of human adaption including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. It is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by non-biological (i.e. non-genetic) means.

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17
Q

Worldview

A

General cultural orientation or perspective shared by members of a society.

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18
Q

Behavior

A

Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Such responses may or may not be deliberate, and they aren’t necessarily the result of conscious decision making (which is absent in single-celled organisms, insects, and many other species).

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19
Q

Biocultural evolution

A

the mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution.

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20
Q

Applied anthropology

A

the practical application of anthropological and archaeological theories and techniques. For example, many biological anthropologists work in the public health sector.

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21
Q

Ethnographies

A

detailed descriptive studies of human societies. In cultural anthropology, it is traditionally the study of a non-Western society.

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22
Q

Artifacts

A

Objects of materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest are usually tools made of stone or, occasionally, bone.

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23
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the interdisciplinary approach to the study of earlier hominins - their chronology, physical structure, archaeological remains, habitats, and so on. The study of ancient humans.

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24
Q

primate paleontology

A
  • the study of fossil primates, especially those that lived before the appearance of hominins.
  • a subset of paleoanthropology. it is the study of primate fossil record which extends back to the beginning of primate evolution some 65 million years ago. By studying fossil primates and comparing them anatomically with similar species, they learn about diet and locomotion in earlier forms.
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25
Q

anthropometrics

A

Measurement of human body parts. When osteologists measure skeletal elements, the term osteometry is often used.

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26
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. DNA is a main component of chromosomes.

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27
Q

Osteology

A

the study of skeletal material. It focuses on the interpretation of the skeletal remains from archaeological sites, skeletal anatomy, bone physiology, and growth and development. Some of the same techniques are used in paleoanthropology to study early hominins.

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28
Q

bioarcheology

A

the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.

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29
Q

paleopathology

A

the branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal (or, occasionally, mummified) remains from archaeological sites.

30
Q

forensic anthropology

A

an applied anthropological approach dealing with legal matters. They work with coroners and others in identifying and analyzing human remains.

31
Q

primatology

A

the study of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes).

32
Q

Cultural resource management (CRM)

A

in the US, there was a major expansion in archaeological research beginning in the 1970’s. This applied subfield is called this, and it arose from environmental legislation requiring archaeological evaulation and sometimes excavation of sites that may be threatened by development.

33
Q

data

A

Facts from which conclusions can be drawn; scientific information.

34
Q

quantitatively

A

pertaining to measurements of quantity and including such properties as size, number, and capacity. When data are quantified, they’re expressed numerically and can be tested statistically.

35
Q

Science

A
  • a body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation; from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge.
  • A process of explaining natural phenomena involving observation and developing hypotheses to explain what has been observed (an empirical approach), and developing a research design or series of experiments to test the hypotheses.
36
Q

hypotheses

A

a provisional explanation of a phenomenon. Hypotheses require verification or falsification through testing.

37
Q

empirical

A

relying on experimentation or observation; from the Latin empiricus, meaning “experienced.”

38
Q

scientific method

A

an approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis (provisional explanation) is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data.

39
Q

theory

A

a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.

40
Q

scientific testing

A

the precise repetition of an experiment or expansion of observed data to provide verification; the procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded.

41
Q

quadrupedal

A

using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion.

42
Q

ethnocentric

A

viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism often results in other cultures being seen as interior to one’s own.

43
Q

Branches of anthropology

A
  1. anthropology
    a. linguistic: language and culture
    b. cultural: cross-cultural studies
    c. archeology: material culture
    d. physical: biology and culture
    i. paleoanthropology: human evolution
    ii. human variation: population genetics
    iii. primatology: chimpanzee communication
    iv. osteology: paleo pathology (bone trauma) and forensic anthropology (human identification)
44
Q

Paleogenetics

A

the study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms

45
Q

Human behavioral ecology (or human evolutionary ecology)

A
  • applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity. It examines the adaptive design of traits, behaviors, and life histories of humans in an ecological context.
  • studies structure and function
46
Q

human anatomy

A

deals with the way the parts of humans, from molecules to bones, interact to form a functional unit.

47
Q

human morphology

A

a branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of humans; the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts

48
Q

Molecular anthropology

A

uses technology to investigate the evolutionary relationships between human populations as well as between humans and nonhuman primates. To do this, they examine similarities and differences in DNA sequences between individuals, populations, and species. By extracting DNA from certain fossils, they have contributed to our understanding of relationships between extinct and living species. As genetic technologies continue to be developed, they will play a key role in helping explain human evolution, adaption, and our biological relationships with other species.

49
Q

Medical anthropology

A

explores the relationship between various cultural attributes and health and disease. For example, one area of interest is how different groups view disease processes and how these views affect treatment or the willingness to accept treatment. Applying ethnographic techniques to a variety of issues.

50
Q

biomedical anthropology

A

research topic in this field include population variation in susceptibility to disease; the relationship between genes, environment, diet, and health; and the evolutionary history of the disease.

51
Q

paleo primatology

A

specialization in the study of nonhuman primate fossil record.

52
Q

ergonomics

A
  • concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely
  • a complex synthesis of studies which was formed at the borderline of anthropology, physiology and psychology. The subject of the studies is the psychosomatic status of working men interacting with techniques by means of technical tools. This status has a dual display: first, through somatometric features, known as ergonomic dimensions; second, through the subjective feelings (proprioreceptive) of a working person on the level of comfort or discomfort of the soma
  • Greek “ergon” meaning to work and “nomos” meaning natural law.
  • the scientific study of human work conditions, especially the interaction between man and machine.
53
Q

Human robotics

A
  • a discipline that studies the interaction between humanity and technology from an anthropological perspective. The discipline is relatively new, but offers novel insights on new technological advances and their effect on culture and society.
  • a field of study dedicated to understanding, designing, and evaluating robotic systems for use by or with humans.
54
Q

Structure and function

A

a theoretical school in Great Britain originally formulated to move away from evolutionism and diffusion. The premier concern with it from the viewpoint of Radcliffe-Brown was to focus primarily on social structure rather than biological needs, which is the main concern of Maliowski’s functionalism. Radcliffe-Brown argued that social phenomena had to be constructed within the social level. Pointing to his idea that individuals were irrelevant and replaceable, they were occupants of social roles.

55
Q

Primate behavioral ecology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as the agent of natural selection. Behaviors and behavioral patterns are favored by natural selection when they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals (i.e. they’re adaptive) in specific environmental contexts.

56
Q

Paleoenvironmental reconstruction

A

the results and the investigations undertaken to determine what the climate and vegetation were like at a particular time and place in the past. Investigates past climates and physical environments during Earth’s history.

57
Q

Nature vs nurture studies

A

nurture refers to personal experiences (i.e. empiricism or behaviorism). Nature is your genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay the same irrespective of where you were born and raised. Nurture refers to your childhood, or how you were brought up.

58
Q

Zooarchaeology

A

is the branch of archaeology that studies faunal remains related to ancient people. Faunal remains are the items left behind when an animal dies. It includes: bones, shells, hair, chitin, scales, hides, proteins and DNA.

59
Q

paleobotany

A

the study of fossil plants.

60
Q

primate phylogeny and systematics

A

the evolutionary history of the development of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms and the classification and nomenclature of primates; taxonomy

61
Q

Evolutionary Models of Speciation and Adaption

A
  • Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Speciation involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages.
  • Adaption: An adaptation is any variation that can increase one’s biological fitness in a specific environment; more simply it is the successful interaction of a population with its environment. Adaptations may be biological or cultural in nature.
62
Q

Modern Human Variation - bio-cultural processes

A
  • is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings. Frequently debated areas include cognitive ability, personality, physical appearance (body shape, skin color, etc.) and immunology.
  • a specific research focus centered at the intersection of biological anthropology and cultural anthropology. Anthropological researchers explore how the human use of culture physically affects our biology and shapes our capacity for adaptation on a physical level. It also explores how human biology drives cultural practices, not in a pre-programmed way, but as a means of limiting some practices and prioritizing others to meet the needs of a biological organism.
63
Q

Evolution over 80 mya

A
  1. AD 2000-Present = Hitechnocene period, digitized modern humans taxa
  2. 10,000BC- AD 2000 = Holocene period, culturally modern humans taxa
  3. 2MYA-10,000BC = pleistocene period, anatomically modern humans taxa
  4. 5-2MYA = pliocene period, hominins taxa
  5. 25-5MYA = miocene period, hominoids taxa
  6. 38-25MYA = oligocene period, catarrhines taxa
  7. 53-38MYA = eocene period, anthropoids taxa
  8. 65-53MYA = paleocene period, haplorhines taxa
  9. 80+-65MYA = cretaceous period, primates taxa
64
Q

Scholarship and Science: Four Criteria

  1. Insight
  2. Mastery of subject
  3. evidence
  4. logic
A

Science as a branch of scholarship

65
Q
  1. the universe can be understood

2. things are as they appear

A

Assumptions of Science

66
Q

Synchronic studies and diachronic studies

A

Kinds of science

67
Q
  1. observation/experimentation
  2. replication
  3. generalization
  4. prediction
A

Synchronic studies

68
Q
  1. Inference

2. Explanation

A

Diachronic studies

69
Q

What does it mean to be scientific?

A

Science in empirical
1. collection of data - induction and deduction
2. developing of hypotheses
3. provide explanations (proximate and ultimate)
Science is self-correcting
Science is probabilistic
1. scientific conclusions are contingent upon the state of knowledge
2. many processes in science are probabilistic
3. there are exceptions to every generalization
science is parsimonious
1. the principle of parsimony/occam’s razor (Suppose there exist two explanations for an occurrence. In this case the one that requires the smallest number of assumptions is usually correct.)
2. this is a “rule of thumb” only

70
Q

Scientific methods

A

A. research design: 1. an investigator needs one in order to know what to expect upon beginning a project
2. it is the source of questions that a researcher will investigate
3. it makes it possible to predict the possible results of a project
B. fieldwork
C. data generation in the lab

71
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Identify problem
  2. Form hypothesis
  3. collect data
  4. analyze data
    5a. data consistent with hypothesis
    6a. verify hypothesis
    5b. data inconsistent with hypothesis
    6b. reject hypothesis (back to step 2)
  5. collect and analyze more data
    8a. new data consistent with hypothesis
    9a. develop theory
    8b. new data inconsistent with hypothesis
    9b. reject hypothesis (back to step 2)

ANT 102 (1 decks)

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