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Human Organs and Tissues > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

level of ogranization

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

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2
Q

cells

A

smallest unit of living matter

200 diff types in the body

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3
Q

tissues

A

collection of similar cells = simple tissues

collection of different cell types = comound tissues

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4
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
nerve
muscle

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5
Q

organs

A

anatomically distinct groups of tissues working to perform specific functions

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6
Q

systems

A

collection of organs working together for a similar or related roles

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7
Q

histology definition

A

study of cells and tissues
relationship between structure and function of tissue
tissues structure that are not seen by naked eye
basis for histopathology

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8
Q

pathology

A

study of diagnosis of disease

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9
Q

3 types of light microscopy

A

bright feild
phase contrast
differential interference contrast microscopy

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10
Q

bright field microscopy

A

can see natural colours or stained samples

specimens appear dark on a bright background

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11
Q

phase contrast microscopy

A

based on difference in refractive indexes
optic converts the differences in RI to differences in brightness therefore nucleus can be distinguished from the cytoplasm

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12
Q

differential interference contrast microscopy

A

makes specimen 3D based on differences in refractive index
difference is converted into detectable amplitude differences
may not actually represent the specimen in real life

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13
Q

staining in light microspcopy

A

basic dyes/cationic dyes - stain RNA/DNA because of their negative charge
e.g: hematoxylin

acidic dyes (negative charge) - stain basic residues such as protein 
e.g: eosin

H&E staining causes nuclues and ribosomes to stain blue and cytoplasm and collagen red or pink

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14
Q

magnification and resolution

A

magnification = how many times larger an image is

resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points

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15
Q

resolution on a light microscope vs electron microscope

A

light microscope:
dependent on wavelength of light - if the object is big enough to interfere with a wavelength in the spectrum then the image is able to be seen

electron microscope:
wavelengths are 10 000 times shorter and therefore EM has higher resolution

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16
Q

what limits resolution

+ know how to calculate

A

numerical aperture: the ability of the lens to collet thelight and the wavelength of light

lenses with NA values over one require oil

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17
Q

types of EM

A

Scanning EM (SEM)

  • reflected off surface
  • 3D image

Transmission EM (TEM)

  • pass through
  • 2D image
  • best resolution
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18
Q

where is epithelial tissue located?

A

external and internal surfaces of the body - covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, forming glands
means that anything in/out must pass through the epithelial tissue

located on a basement membrane/ basal lamina

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19
Q

how does epithelial tissues get nutrition?

A

they are a vascular

dependent on loose connective tissue to supply nutrients and oxygen as well as remove by-products

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20
Q

major functions of epithelial tissue

A

coverings or linings = protection
absorption (intestine)
secretion (glands)
sensation and contraction

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21
Q

basal lamina

A

lies at interface between epithelial cells and connective tissue

two basal laminas can fuse in places when no intervening connective tissue is present

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22
Q

characteristics of epithelium

A

sheets of cells held together tightly by junctions

they can shed and renew

composed of polarized epithelial cells, specialized to perform a variety of functions such as regulation of passage

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23
Q

simple squamous epithelial cells

A

single layer of flattened cells - look like fried eggs

can do simple secretion and filtering

located in places where the passage of chemicals is rapid such as:

  • making up endothelial lining of lymphatic vessels
  • alveoli of lungs
  • lining of capillaries
  • some parts of the kidney glomerulus and tubules
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24
Q

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

A

allow passage of chemicals

thicker than squamous therefore have protective function

complex function in secretion compared to squamous
also have role in absorption
located in the secretory part of most glands and kidney collecting tubules

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25
Q

simple columnar epithelial cells

A

nucleus is elongated and near the basement membrane

active in absorption and secretion

have enough energy to carry out complex tasks

can have microvilli (sm intestine) or cilia (bronchioles)

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26
Q

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

single layers of cells that appear to be multilayered

some cells may not reach the top

nucleus in different locations

ciliated form is found in the trachea

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27
Q

stratified squamous cell epithelium

A

multilayered

means squamous on top

most common stratified epithelial

provide increased protection and durability

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28
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

named based on the multilayered cell type on the TOP

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29
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

named based on the multilayered cell type on the TOP

must be two or more layers

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30
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

found in the ducts of sweat glands and not commonly anywhere else

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31
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

found in large excretory ducts of some glands and in the cavernous urethra

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32
Q

transitional epithelium

A

top layer is able to change

find this in organs where the ability to stretch is needed such as the bladder which must expand and contract

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33
Q

specializations of apical epithelial cell surfaces

A

cilia - bronchiole

microvilli - sm. intestines

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34
Q

specializations of lateral epithelial cell surfaces

A

TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS:
occluding/tight junctions

adhering junctions ( zonula adherens)

desmosomes (macula adherens)

communicating ( gap junctions

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35
Q

specializations of basal epithelial cell surfaces

A

adhering to basal lamina via hemi-desmosomes

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36
Q

tight junctions

A

appear as fusions
but the junctions are formed from two proteins occulin and claudin

attached to actin

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37
Q

tight junctions

A

form a barrier - restricts passage of water, electrolytes and other small molecules

present in all types of epithelial cells

appear as fusions
but the junctions are formed from two proteins occulin and claudin

attached to actin

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38
Q

adhering junctions

A

adhering

stick adjacent cells to each other via cadherin

attached to actin filament all around the cells

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39
Q

desmosomes

A

attachment

not all around cells - look like spots/plauqes
cells can have a space between spanned bycadherin and intermediate filaments (cytokeratin in epithelia)

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40
Q

gap junctions

A

communication

pores formed by arrangement of 6 connexin proteins - permit passage of ions and other molecules

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41
Q

cell adhesion on basal surface

A

anchors cells to the basal lamina through laminin

held together by integrins

anchored to keratin filaments within cell

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42
Q

what is an epithelial gland

A

one or more cells that secrete a fluid (sweat, saliva) or chemical message such as a hormone

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43
Q

how are epithelial glands classified?

A

development of the gland - exocrine or endocrine

shape of the gland

the mechanism of excretion

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44
Q

exocrine vs endocrine glands

A

exocrine glands- secrete onto a surface of epithelium (can be internal or external) therefore they have ducts

endocrine glands have lost contact with epithelium and therefore must secrete into vessels

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45
Q

development of exocrine glands

A

step 1: localized proliferation in the epithelium and the beginning of the epithelial cell down growth into the underlying connective tissue

step 2: epithelial downgrowth continues

Step 3: secretory portion develops which is where the thing being secreted is made

46
Q

development of endocrine glands

A

secretory portion of one cell is surrounded by capillaries and then the gland just forms

47
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts
secrete to outside
can secrete: mucus (glycoprotein rich), serous (watery and proteins), and sebaceous (rich in lipids)

example of odd gland = goblet cell, unicellular and secretes mucus

48
Q

different types of exocrine glands + how to draw them

A 
simple tubular 
simple coiled tubular 
simple branched tubular 
simple branched acinar 
compound tubuloacinar 
compound tubular 
compound acinar
49
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
can act on near targets (paracrine) or far targets (neuroendocrine)

50
Q

different types of connective tissue

A

loose connective - dermis layer of skin
fibrous connective tissue - forms tendons
adipose tissue
cartilage - at the end of bones
bone
blood - includes RBCs and WBCs - transports gasses, nutrients, waste, immune functions, wound healing

51
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

maintenance and provision of form in the body - structural form by bones and cartilage

provides support through connecting organs and tissues via a matrix

tissue capsules encase our organs - provide structural support

stroma - not attached to organs but provides structural framework that aids in organ function

site for storage of fat (adipose tissue)

protects body against infection (white blood cells)

reduces friction on joints (cartilage)

repair after injury - fibroblasts remodel tissue that was damaged

52
Q

what do ligaments do

A

hold bone together

53
Q

what do tendons do

A

attach muscle to bone

54
Q

components of connective tissue

A

cells
ground substance
fibers

55
Q

fibroblasts

A

make: collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
remodel damaged tissue
most common type of cell in connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue)

56
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine and heparin during inflammatory response

57
Q

adipose cells

A

fat storage

58
Q

plasma cells

A

immune response/antibodies

59
Q

draw the differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells to connective tissue

A

see notes

60
Q

draw the differentiation of WBCs and RBCs from hematopoietic stem cell

A

see notes

61
Q

ground substance of connective tissue

A

= extracellular matrix - outside of cell but part of tissue

lg molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) link together = larger molecules called proteoglycans (protein core)
- molecules are good at absorbing water = 90% of the extracellular matrix is water

can have different shapes and properties thus impacting what can pass through the matrix

62
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A
  • gags can attach to core proteins and are resistant to compressive forces
  • long, unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide unit
  • attract and retain water
63
Q

types of fibres of connective tissue

A

collagen fibers
reticulate fibres
elastic fibres

64
Q

collagen fibres

A

produced by fibroblasts
collagen fibres have a cord shape that is 1-20 microns wide
wide and wavy in appearance
stain pink in H&E staining by eosin
most abundant protein in body and extracellular matrix (30%)
25 diff types
great tensile strength

65
Q

reticular fibres

A

produced by reticular cells which are a type of fibroblast
made of mostly type 3 collagen - attached to other collagen fibres, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
very thin fibres

66
Q

elastic fibres

A

produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
may be stretched up to 150% of its original length
coiled and branched

67
Q

three classes of connective tissue

A

proper
supporting
special

68
Q

connective tissue proper

A 
two types = loose and dense
3 components:
1) cells - mainly fibroblasts
2) ground substance/ matrix that is homogenous and may be fluid, gel like, or solid 
3) extracellular fibres
69
Q

loose connective tissue

A

many cells, little fibres (compared to dense) that are loosely arranged

cells: fibroblasts + infiltrating leukocytes
fibres: collagen, elastic, reticular
matrix: abundant, moderately fluid
locations:
- areolar: very loose tissue surrounding organs - attaches epithelial to underlying tissue
- reticular: internal skeleton of some organs such as the spleen or lymph nodes

70
Q

dense connective tissue

A

more fibres but less matrix and fewer cells compared to loose

cells:
fibres: collagen
matrix: limited
two types: regular and irregular

71
Q

how is connective tissue classified

A

relative amount/type of matrix
type and arrangement of fibres
abundance and kinds of cells

72
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

located in the tendons and ligaments
collagen fibres are packed densely and arranged in parallel
attenuated fibroblasts are located in the narrow spaces between collagen fibres
very resistant to tensile forces in one direction but still allow some stretch

73
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

located in joints and dermis of the skin
dense woven network of collagen and some elastic fibres in a viscous matrix
collagen fibres are arranged in bundles - irregular interwoven bundles confer great tensile strength in all directions
impact resistant and has strength in all directions
fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and pericytes
capsules and dermis of many organs

74
Q

adipose tissue

A

two types = brown fat and white fat

stores energy, protects and insulates

75
Q

white adipose cells

A

synthesis and storage of fat
what most adults have
made of triglycerides (high energy source)and glycogen (less efficient)
they are unilocular-one big glob of fat causes nucleus and cytoplasm to be pushed into a corner
normally dont divide - if adult gains weight the cell will increase in size x4 before dividing

76
Q

brown adipose cells

A

main purpose is thermoregulation
it is mainly important for newborns and animals leaving hibernation
adults have some
it is multilocular - has many fat droplets

77
Q

types of blood cells

A

erythrocyte (RBC) - function is O2 and CO2 transport

Leukocytes (WBC) - immunity

Platelets - function in blood clotting

78
Q

blood

A

is considered connective tissue bc it has an extracellular matrix

living cells = RBCs and WBCs

fluid portion (extracellular matrix) = plasma - 92% water

no fibres in the blood matrix

79
Q

blood components

A

46-63% plasma

37-54% formed elements:

  • 99% RBCs
  • less than 1% WBCs
  • less than 1% platelets
80
Q

special connective tissue

A

blood and adipose tissue

81
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

82
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrous
elastic

83
Q

cartilage

A

avascular and aneural
more flexible than bone but less flexible than muscle
resilient and smooth tissue
rubber like padding on ends of long bones and at joints

structural component of the nose, ear, trachea and ribcage

84
Q

what cell type is found in cartilage

A

chondrocytes

found in healthy cartilage and lacunae (voids in matrix)

produce and maintain the matrix which is mostly collagen and proteoglycans

85
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common

located in joints and respiratory passages

matrix is abundant and is gelatinous- has little to no fibres
therefore has less strength

chondrocytes are spaced apart

86
Q

fibrocartilage

A

between vertebrates and in the knee

the most strong

matrix is in moderate amount but has a lot fo fibres (collagen)

causes the chondrocytes to be the most spaced apart in all three types

87
Q

elastic cartilage

A

in outer ear

most flexible

matrix is limited but has elastic fibres (little to none) therefore has a lot of flexibility

chondrocytes are close together

88
Q

osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

A

osteoarthritis - cartilage is thinned out at joints causing bone on bond interaction = pain

rheumatoid arthritis - swollen and inflamed synovial membrane - causes bone erosion and can result in disfigurement

89
Q

two types of bone

A

compact bone and spongy bone

90
Q

compact bone

A

also called cortical bone
made of osteons
shaft of bones
strong - therefore has functions to support the whole body

91
Q

spongy bone

A

called cancellous bone
made of trabeculae
at end of the bones
porous - therefore has a large surface area which allows bone marrow to develop in this region

92
Q

function of bone in the body

A

provides stability
allows for movement with attachment of muscles
storage of essential minerals

93
Q

bone composition

A

proteins and minerals
60% of bone weight is minerals - mainly calcium and phosphate

remainder is water and matrix- formed before the mineral is deposited, considered to act as a scaffold

90% of matrix proteins are collagen

94
Q

bone matrix

A

intracellular calcified material

provides hardness and resistance to bone tissue

contains minerals such as calcium and phosphorous

also have organic components = collagen and ground matrix which contains proteoglycans and glycoproteins

95
Q

3 types of bone cells

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

96
Q

canaliculi

A

microscopic canals that radiate out from the lacunae

to allow cell communication

97
Q

lamellae

A

concentric layers of the osteon

essentially one disc of the bone

98
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize the organic components of the matrix (collagen, proteoglycan, glycoproteins)

on the surface of bone surface

differentiate into osteocytes

99
Q

osteocytes

A

derived from osteoblasts

found in lacunae

role is maintenance and mineralization of bone/extracellular matrix

100
Q

osteoclasts

A

multi nucleated cells - made of fused macrophages

function is to reabsorb bone tissue by eating the extracellular matrix

101
Q

bone remodelling

A

lifelong process - first year of like almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced
in adults - 10% of compact and 40% of spongy bone is replaced each year

tissue is removed from skeleton and replaced by new bones

control reshaping and replacement of bone following injuries like microdamage and fractures

maintain calcium homeostasis

occurs in spongy and compact bone

102
Q

calcium homeostasis

A

maintains the amount of biologically active calcium within a narrow range - this is required for functions such as signal transduction, nerve activation and muscle contraction

process involves 4 components: serum calcium, serum phosphate, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone

103
Q

where is and how is most calcium stored in the body?

A

99% of calcium is stored in bone

in the form of phosphate and hydroxide salts - predominantly as hydroxyapatite

very small amount of calcium is available for exchange in the serum

104
Q

osteoperosis

A

decreases bone strength increases the risk of broken bones

caused by an imbalancce between bone resorption and bone formation
the imbalance is a result of not enough calcium through the diet so the body takes calcium from the bones

105
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle

106
Q

smooth muscle

A

lack striated appearance

single nuclei

surround blood vessels and small intestine

107
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated appearence

long fused cells causes mutliple offset nuclie

movement of skeleton

108
Q

cardiac

A

has intercalated disc

branched cells

contraction of the heart

single offset/central nuclei

striated appearance (actin and myosin nuclei

109
Q

nerve tissue

A

made of neurons
regulates and controls bodily functions
main tissue component of the central and peripheral nervous systems

110
Q

neuron

A

receive and transmit nerve impulses
axons send signals and dendrites receive
bundles of axons = nerve

111
Q

neuroglia

A

support neurons by providing nutrients and also propagate the nerve impulse

Human Organs and Tissues (3 decks)

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