Quiz 1 Flashcards
Mainstream Approach to Globalization
- based off economy only
- the economic aspect is the ability of a society to produce adequate goods and services, accumulate capital, and distribute them in society (translates to economic growth)
Economic Development
-growth is positive, progressive, steady
Modernization theory views (6)
Individualistic view of development - liberalism
Objection against any intervention by the state - capitalism
Narrowing the meaning of development down to economic growth - materialism
Development from within - endogenous view
Development as freedom - democratic perspective
Denial of culture and identity specifications - universalism
Why Canada as an example of Globalization?
healthy, industrialized and advanced country
Canadian Democratic Society
-individualism
-freedom and collaboration with competition
-tolerance
-justice
-human development
-resonsibility to protect
-sympathy with others
MULTICULTURAL
Canadian problems even though we’re globalized
-Pollution, environmental dehydration, climate change,
-Rising inequality and social fragmentation
-Aboriginal issues
-peace and security at home and abroad
-Ageing population: health care and retirement income
-Poverty and social security at home
-International competitiveness of Canadian industry
Some of these problems are caused by development!!
Other dimensions of Globalization
• Canada is a product of earlier ears of globalization • European colonialism in the Americas • European settlement • Interactions with aboriginal peoples • Successive wave of immigration Capitalism
Canada as actor in globalization
• Canada as an actor in a globalizing world; ○ Trade ○ Finance and investment ○ Immigration and emigration ○ Diplomacy ○ Democratization and human rights ○ Military activity abroad ○ Foreign aid and international development ○ Humanitarian assistance ○ Judicial exchange and assistance ○ Educational and cultural domains Global Samaritan
Globalization FOR
• Like development, globalization has both boosters and critics
• For: ever freer flows of goods, ideas and people that benefit all of us
○ more prosperity
○ More variety
○ More mobility
○ More freedom to choose
Globalization AGAINST
• Against: ever great exploitation of the lower and middle socio-economic strata bu the strongest groups
○ More environmental change
○ Greater inequality
○ More exploitation of the weakest
The idea of international development (date)
- 1949
- Post WW2
- development as a plan of action
- developed countries began helping undeveloped countries to prosper
the theory of international development (the date) brrrrr
- 1960
- The Cold War
- The birth of the theory
- development as politics
- fear of influence of communism in developing countries
- powerful countries such as US begin helping undeveloped countries to prosper (multiple motives)
alternative perspectives on international development (the date)
1980s
Mainstream Approach to development (name & date)
- Harry Truman and development in 1949
- inaugural address states that he wants to help developing countries
the UN decade for development
1960
- postcolonial era - the age of independence
- fragility causes influence of communism
- help is preventive
Which American president was behind the first UN declaration?
Kennedy
Modernization theory of economic growth (Date and Name)
- The idea was theorized through the book “The Stages of Economic Growth”
- Rostow
- 1960
the 5 stages of economic growth
- traditional economy
- preparation for growth
- take-off
- drive to maturity
- the condition of mass consumption
dependency theory (case sensitive)
- World Systems Theory
- Dependency Theory
- developing countries suffer from issue because they’re depending on the will of the developed countries
- ‘modernization theory’ is not a proper way to grow underdeveloped countries
Dependency Theory Key Ideas
- country’s position in international system is the key factor in its development
- countries are located in either core or periphery
Core countries
- urbanized, industrialized, technologically advanced, etc.
- these countries receive the raw materials from peripheries and upsell it (this makes for fair advantages)
- take cheap labour from periphery countries
Periphery countries
- rural, agricultural, mining, forest, etc.
- these countries usually export raw materials with a few prime products (such as cocoa)
- sell raw materials to core countries with small profit margins while importing goods from these core countries furthering debt
- vulnerable to volatility of raw material prices
Core country France example
- Peripheries include Guinea, Cameroon, and Senegal\
- an uneven interdependency (more favourable for France)
- Unfair international trade
Dependency Theory (date & name)
- 1960/70s
- **Raul Prebisch started this theory
- direct bi-product of colonialism
- poverty happens from the unequiable trading and the value added aspect of it
Colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
TRIPS (acronym) in relation to Dependency Theory
trade
related aspects
intellectual
property rights
Outcomes for Periphery Countries
Economic: underdevelopment and high poverty
Social: inequality, conflict & wars
Political: Authoritarian regimes, suppression of people
How do we overcome underdevelopment?
- the developing countries must deny the classical and neoliberal theories
- they must deny orthodox Marxism proposals
- they must invent their own paths to development
step one is to break down all imperialistic chains of dependency
Dependency Branches
- unfair interdependency
- structural approach
- systematic approach
- historical perspective
- nationalist perspective
a newer version of dependency theory (case sensitive) (who came up with it)
- Ander Gunder Frank
- the unequal dependency are the essential part of the structure and development of the capitalist system in a world scale in countries
- perhaps interdependency but, unequal and in favour of the metropolitan countries
The World Systems Theory (name)
- Immanuel Wallerstein
- dependency has been caused by the world structures
- world system has created its own boundaries
- capitalist world is a centerless system
- this system is marked by a continual struggle and competition for wealth and benefits
Tiers of World Sytsems Theory
Core: higher levels of education, generates more wealth in the world economy, exploits by cheap labour and raw materials, gains and maintains dominant position
Periphery: lower levels of education, lower salaries, generates less wealth in the world economy, exploited by core and semi-periphery
Semi-Periphery: the core and periphery processes are both occurring, exploited by the core but then exploits the periphery, serves as a buffer between the other two
Difference between Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory
Dependency Theory is structural but country to country has dependency while the World Systems Theory has international system causes of dependency
when did neoliberalism take place?
1979-1980
- by the end of the 70s the mainstream perspective was still considering development in terms of economic growth and material satisfaction
- dependency theories was struggling for changing the unfair structure of dependency
- human development standing at the pick of its acceptance, but not clear what must be done
when was the neoliberal Washington Consensus?
1989-1990
Pragmatic neoliberalism and problems with stagflation (date & names)
1979-1980
-Fredrich von Hayek, Milton Friedman, Margert Thatcher, Ronald Reagan came up with this solution to stagflation
free market + human rights and democracy leads to: integration into global market : the only alternative : pragmatic solution for stagflation
Neoliberal Proposal
- cut state spending
- deregulation of the market
- constrain wage raise to decrease inflation
- expanding the role of private sector through privatization of public assets
- liberalization of foreign trade
- relax control of capital and money markets
- protection of weaker sectors of society by strengthening social safety net
thought was if these steps were followed the economy would grow
Second phase of Neoliberalism (Washington Consensus) (name & date)
- John WIlliamson 1989 revisited the idea
- created by: world bank, IMF, think tanks, bankers, the us policy community
- fiscal discipline
- reordering public expenditure priorities
- tac reform
- liberalizing interest rates
- competitive exchange rates
- trade liberalization
- investment
- privatization
- deregulation
results in more suffering for underdeveloped countries
like neo neo liberalism
Post-Washington Consensus (name & date)
- Joesph Stieglitz
- 2005
- Washington Consensus policies as produced only limited growth even when growth did occur, it was NOT equitably shared
- there is a need for equity and employment
- a balance between the role of the government and the markets
Human Development Approach (names)
- Mahbub ul-Haq
- Amartya Sen
- utilized this conception of his own work on human capability
- emphasis on the central importance of people’s rights and freedom
- development depends on people’s enjoyment of freedom and participation
- ENLARGE PEOPLES VOICES
Human Development Approach Continued
- not a capability an approach
- all about fulfilling what people what to do, who they want to be, etc.
-**people must be able to decide freely who they want to be or how they want to be and what they want to do
Human Development Index
- HDI is about health, education, and income
- indicators need to be relevant, internationally comparable, and available for many countries
neglected dimensions include gender, equity, sustainability
Millennium development goals - MDGs
-set of goals created by people deciding we must create a policy for people in poverty
created in 2000
presented 8 goals
17 sustainable development goals
- evolved from the MDGs
- set of goals for the world’s future, through 2030
- negotiated over a two-year period at the UN
- SDGs
what is new about SDGs from MDGs
- universality: goals apply to every nation and every sector
- integration: recognized that the goals are all interconnected in a system (can’t achieve one goal without the others)
- transformation: widely recognized that achieving these goals involves making very big, fundamental changes on how we live on earth
the 8 MDGs
- eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- achieve universal primary education
- promote gender equality
- reduce child mortality
- improve maternal health
- combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- ensure environmental stability/sustainability
- develop a global partnership for development
