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Geo-technical Materials > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three objectives of conducting field exploration?

A

To determine:
• The nature and sequence of subsurface strata
• The ground water conditions at the site
• The physical properties of the soils and rock underlying the site and
• Other specific information such as chemical composition of groundwater, and characteristics of foundations of existing structures

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2
Q

A re-molded sample is considered to be an undisturbed sample. T or F?

A

False

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3
Q

Using an undisturbed sample to perform a hydraulic conductivity test will provide information related to the in-situ properties. T or F?

A

True

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4
Q

Name the two broad methods or categories used to gather information above and/or below the ground surface for a site investigation.

A
  • Direct

* Indirect

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5
Q

Construction projects often involve the removal or improvement of ________.

A

Existing Soil

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6
Q

State three lab tests which can be conducted using a disturbed sample.

A
  • Sieve analysis
  • Hydrometer analysis
  • Atterberg limit tests
  • Moisture content determination
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7
Q

One of the first steps in planning and designing a construction project is to:

a. Obtain a disturbed soil sample.
b. Obtain aerial photos.
c. Perform a site investigation.
d. Conduct lab tests.

A

Perform a site investigation

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8
Q

What type of soil sample can provide information on the strength of the soil? Why?

A

An undisturbed soil sample retains the structural integrity of the in-situ soil.

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9
Q

Horizon A is:

A
  • Is very compressible, elastic and unstable
  • Makes a poor foundation layer
  • Contains mostly organic matter
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10
Q

Horizon B is:

A
  • Moderately weathered parent material
  • Iron oxide makes is brown or yellow in colour
  • abundant with clay making is hard when dry and sticky or ‘gummy’ when wet
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11
Q

Horizon C is:

A

A relatively stable and desirable as a foundation

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12
Q

Soil has the potential to vary in what direction (s)?

A

Vertically and Horizontally

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13
Q

Soil scientist/agronomist will be interested in the soils ability to grow crops. T or F?

A

True

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14
Q

________ can be defined as the loose mineral and organic material near the surface of the earth.

A

Soil

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15
Q

What is the definition of “rock” in geological terms?

A

Rock is any naturally formed, consolidated aggregate of mineral matter making up part of the earth’s crust.

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16
Q

Name the 3 major rock types.

A

Igneous - formed by crystallization; the cooling and solidification, of molten magma.
Sedimentary - formed by the lithification; compaction and cementation of sediments
Metamorphic – formed by metamorphosis; created when igneous, sedimentary or even metamorphic rocks are subjected to great pressure and intense heat.

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17
Q

Sedimentary rocks can be formed in water and on land. Explain how both of these processes occur.

A
  • The sediments are deposited in water environments. Over time, the weight of newly accumulated sediment will compact the existing sediment and/or the mineral matter contained within the water will be left behind as the water moves through the sediment, resulting in the cementation of the sediment particles.
  • The creation of sedimentary rock can also occur overland as a result of wind action.
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18
Q

`Manitoba is made up of four distinct regions. State the names of all four regions.

A
  • Canadian Shield
  • Interior Lowland
  • Hudson Bay Lowland
  • Arctic Region
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19
Q

What are the four agents of transportation and deposition, as discussed in class?

A
  • Gravity
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Glaciers
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20
Q

What are three environmental activities that contribute to mechanical weathering?

A
  • Freeze thaw cycles (frost action)\
  • Force of water
  • Abrasion of boulders and gravel carried by water ways
  • Glaciers
  • Temperature changes (thermal expansion)
  • Natural activities (erosion)
  • Animals and human activity
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21
Q

What are two chemical weathering processes?

A
  • Oxidation
  • Reduction’
  • Carbonation
  • Hydrolysis
  • Acid rain
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22
Q

The movement and pressure advancing glaciers created mixtures of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders known as___________.

A

Glacial till

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23
Q

Explain the difference between mechanically weathered soils and chemically weathered soils.

A

Mechanical – physical breakdown of rock creating smaller particles of same mineral composition
Chemical – decomposition of minerals where new minerals are created due to chemical interaction, does not maintain the same mineral composition as in mechanical weathering; forms new minerals therefore new properties.

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24
Q

What is the typical particle size range of chemically weathered soils?

A

Smaller than 0.002 mm

25
Q

State the lab test used to define the range of grain (particle) sizes for fine-grained soils.

A

Hydrometer test

26
Q

What are the four general categories of the gradation of a soil? State whether they are considered to be coarse or fine grained.

A
  • Gravel – coarse
  • Sand - coarse
  • Silt - fine
  • Clay - fine
27
Q

In addition to grain-size, a soils behavior is also governed by what four things?

A
  • Particle shape
  • Structure
  • Texture
  • Interaction with water
28
Q

The classification of fine-grained soil (silt and clay) is based on whether a soil has _________.

A

Plasticity

29
Q

Soil particles can be grouped into two basic shapes. State the two shapes, how they were formed, describe the characteristics which constitute each and give an example.

A

• Bulky
o Usually formed from the mechanical disintegration of rocks and miners.
o Includes gravel, sand, and silt.
o They are classified as round, or sub-rounded and sub-angular or angular.
• Flaky
o May have formed by means of chemical weathering.
o Can also be referred to as flat.
o An example is clay.
o They are thin or sheet-like and have a random or stacked orientation.

30
Q

State the two types of clay structures. Explain the difference in the formation process between the two.

A
  • Flocculated structure results from having settled out in water deposit,
  • Dispersed structure occurs when the clay has been mix or remolded, perhaps due to glacial action.
31
Q

Soils with different characteristics such as grain size, shape, structure and texture can be combined to form a soil matrix and create a better material for construction application. T or F?

A

True

32
Q

According to the USDA Textural Classification system, soil is defined, based on a combination of the percent of:

a. Gravel, sand and clay
b. Gravel, sand and silt
c. Rock, gravel and sand
d. Sand, silt and clay

A

d. Sand, silt and clay

33
Q

Explain flocculation in relation to clay soils.

A

In the case of flocculation the particles are attracted to each other y particle surface charges, and then as more particles collect together, gravity causes the floc (group of particles) to settle into a honeycomb like formation. This arrangement also creates larger void spaces, making the soil less dense and initially strong however, it is more susceptible to loss of strength with remolding.

34
Q

Gravel and sand will act as binder material, while clay will offer inter-particle friction in a roadway. T or F?

A

False

35
Q

When fine sand and silt settle out in marine environments, they:

a. form honeycomb structures which have larger void spaces and are denser;
b. form honeycomb structures which have smaller void spaces and are less dense;
c. form honeycomb structures which have larger void spaces and are less dense;
d. form honeycomb structures which have smaller void spaces and are denser.

A

c. form honeycomb structures which have larger void spaces and are less dense;

36
Q

Flaky soils will have high internal friction. (True / False)

A

False

37
Q

Define ASSHTO

A

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a standards
setting body which publishes specifications, test protocols and guidelines which are used in highway
design and construction throughout the United States.

38
Q

Define ASTM

A

American Society for Testing and Materials is a standards organization that develops and publishes
voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and
services.

39
Q

List the four purposes for sampling coarse and fine aggregate.

A
  • Investigation of potential source of supply
  • Control of the product at the source of supply
  • Control of operations at the site of use
  • Acceptance of rejection of the materials
40
Q

Sampling is equally as important as the testing. (True or False)

A

True

41
Q

In general, where should samples to be tested for quality to be obtained?

A

Sample to determine quality should be obtained from the finished product.

42
Q

Identify the four possible locations from which to obtain samples for testing.

A
  • Sampling from a flowing aggregated stream (bins or belt discharge)
  • Sampling from a conveyor belt
  • Sampling from stockpiles or transportation units
  • Sampling from Roadway (bases and subbases)
43
Q

Why is ASTM D 3665 important?

A

To ensure that the sample represents the nature and condition of the material i.e. that it is a representative sample.

44
Q

What determines the number for field samples to be obtained?

A

The number of field samples depends on the criticality of, and variation in, the properties to be measured. The number of field samples from the production should be sufficient to give the desired confidence in the test results.

45
Q

What is the reason (intention) for performing this test (STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO TESTING SIZE)?

A

These methods are intended to minimize variations in results between the test samples and the field samples.

46
Q

Larger samples will be more representative of the overall product. (True or False)

A

True

47
Q

What basic procedure does this practice (method) outline?

A

This method covers the reduction of field samples of aggregates to the appropriate size.

48
Q

What will happen if the basic procedures are not carefully followed?

A

Failure to carefully follow the procedures in the stated methods could result in a non-representative sample in further testing.

49
Q

Briefly state the three methods which can be used to split a sample?

A
  • Mechanical Splitter
  • Quartering
  • Miniature Stockpile
50
Q

Which method(s) can be used on a mixture of coarse and fine aggregates?

A

Mechanical Splitter and Quartering

Mechanical Splitter is preferred.

51
Q

How many chutes should sample splitters have?

A

Sample splitters shall have an even number of equal width chutes.
Coarse aggregate – not less than a total of eight
Fine aggregate – not less than a total of twelve
Coarse and mixed aggregate – minimum individual chute widths shall be approximately 50% larger than the largest particles in the sample to be split.

52
Q

State three tests which can be conducted using an undisturbed sample.

A

unconfined compressive strength,
hydraulic conductivity,
consolidation

53
Q

What does this moisture content test method cover?

A

The determination of the percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying.

54
Q

The sample should be heated at a temperature of 110CC°±°5. (True or False)

A

True

55
Q

The mass of the dried sample is recorded to the nearest _____%?

A

0.1%

56
Q

When is it acceptable to place the dried sample on the scale?

A

After it has cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance (scale).

57
Q

What happens when a hot sample is placed on an electronic scale?

A

The heat can detrimentally affect the circuitry of the scale.

58
Q

The moisture content recorded in what unit?

A

Percent

Geo-technical Materials (2 decks)

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