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Humans and Sex > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sperm transport pathway (i.e, how does a sperm cell enter the female reproductive tract to make it to the egg?)

A

The sperm is made in the testes where it travels up the vas deferens to the seminal recipricle and travels through the urethra where it is ejaculated. If this occurs during intercourse the sperm then travels through the vagina, through the cervix to the uterus where it enters the fallopian tubes and travels to the end near the ovaries.

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2
Q

One cat carries heterozygous, long-haired traits (Ss), and its mate carries homozygous short-haired traits (ss).

Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their offspring having long hair.

S = long hair

s = short hair

A

50% long hair

50% short hair

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3
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of living things?

a. made of cells
b. grow and develop
c. hunt for food
d. reproduce
e. Need energy

A

c. hunt for food

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4
Q

Non-germ (somatic) cells:

a. contain a haploid number of
chromosomes
b. contain a diploid number of
chromosomes
c. contain four sets of
chromosomes
d. is a haploid cell
e. are formed during oogenesis

A

b. contain a diploid number of chromosomes

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5
Q

All living things are defined by the
following except:

a. Need for Energy
b. Ability to adapt and evolve
c. Need for oxygen
d. Have DNA
e. Can respond to their environment

A

c. need for oxygen

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6
Q

A DNA molecule with the sequence “AATGCAT” is complimentary to which of the following DNA sequences:

a. TACGATT
b. TTACGTA
c. AATGCAT
d. ATCCATT
e. AAACGTA

A

b. TTACGTA

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7
Q

Comprised of a phospholipid bilayer that acts as a barrier:

A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria
E. Lysosome

A

A. Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

This organelle helps power sperm:

A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria
E. Lysosome

A

D. Mitochondria

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9
Q

Where DNA is found inside of a cell?

A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria
E. Lysosome

A

C. The Nucleus

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10
Q

The viscous fluid that compromises the
interior of a cell is?

A. Plasma Membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria
E. Lysosome

A

B. Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is an event which causes there to be an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as in Turner’s Syndrome?

A. frame shift
B. substitution
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. non-disjunction

A

E. non-disjunction

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12
Q

A condition in which additional base pairs are added to a DNA molecule is?

A. frame shift
B. substitution
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. non-disjunction

A

C. insertion

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13
Q

Name a condition in which the triplicate code (codon) is interrupted by an aberration involving any number of base pairs not divisible by three?

A. frame shift
B. substitution
C. insertion
D. deletion
E. non-disjunction

A

A. frame shift

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14
Q

Prior to the European Industrial Revolution, peppered colored moths thrived, and were able to blend in with the barks of trees. During the industrial revolution in Europe, widespread pollution caused trees to be covered in dark soot. In this time, black colored moths began to thrive and pepper colored moths became less common. Which of the following remarks best explains what took place?

a. There was no longer room in the
environmental niche for both pepper
colored and black colored moths
b. Evolution occurred on a very quick
timescale and pepper colored moth
populations evolved into black
colored moths
c. Pepper colored moths were likely
already going extinct when black
colored moths came about
d. The post-industrial revolution
environment favored the survival
of black colored moths over
pepper colored

A

d. The post-industrial revolution environment favored the survival of black colored moths over pepper colored

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15
Q

All living things are defined by the following except:

a. Need for Energy
b. Ability to adapt and evolve
c. Need for oxygen
d. Have DNA
e. Can respond to their environment

A

c. Need for oxygen

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16
Q

Pathways from the ovary to the uterus:

A. hypothalamus
B. Endometrium
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
E. Fallopian tubes

A

E. Fallopian tubes

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17
Q

Stimulates the pituitary gland:

A. hypothalamus
B. Endometrium
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
E. Fallopian tubes

A

A. hypothalamus

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18
Q

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone
and _____

A. hypothalamus
B. Endometrium
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
E. Fallopian tubes

A

C Estrogen

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19
Q

The lining of the uterus that thickens then disintegrates:

A. hypothalamus
B. Endometrium
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
E. Fallopian tubes

A

B. Endometrium

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20
Q

Females that were exposed to high levels of circulating androgens during development are:

a. no different than females with no such
exposure.
b. may be born as hermaphrodites
c. temporarily masculinized.
d. fertile earlier in life

A

b. may be born as hermaphrodites

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21
Q

Development of male genitals before birth is largely due to the presence of __________ in the male fetus.

a. The X chromosomes
b. The hormone progesterone
c. the bulbo-urethral gland
d. Testosterone

A

d. testosterone

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22
Q

Which of the following is a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

a. crossing over occurs in mitosis but not in
meiosis
b. Meiosis results in up to four haploid cells
c. Cytokinesis (cell splitting) only occurs once
during meiosis
d. Meiosis results in two diplid cells (the full
amount of genetic material)
e. Mitosis results in two haploid cells (half of
the genetic material)

A

b. Meiosis results in up to four haploid cells

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23
Q

A zebra finch that was genetically modified to have a brain that is half female and half male, could show distinct morphological features in the male half of its brain versus the female half because:

a. different hormones are expressed similarly
on each side of the brain
b. the different halves of the brain are exposed
to a different mixture of hormones
c. the different halves of the brain express
different genes
d. Male brains and female brains are
completely physically dimorphic

A

c. the different halves fo the brain express different genes

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24
Q

Deformations of a Meissner’s corpuscle:

a. Leads to action potentials
b. Inhibits the sensation of touch
c. Increases your chance of STD transmission
d. Increases the chance of a non-disjunction
event

A

a. Leads to action potentials

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25
Q

Color blindness is due to a recessive form of a gene found on the X chromosome. Based on this, which of the following is likely to be true:

a. More women than men are colorblind
b. More men than women are colorblind
c. Only heterozygous women will be
colorblind
d. There is not enough information to tell

A

b. More men than women are colorblind

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26
Q

These long extensions of the neuron receive
electrical impulses:

A. Axon
B. Sensory receptor
C. Dendrites
D. Soma
E. Action potential

A

C. Dendrites

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27
Q

Portion of the neuron that sends/propogates
neuronal impulses:

A. Axon
B. Sensory receptor
C. Dendrites
D. Soma
E. Action potential

A

A. Axon

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28
Q

A specialized cell that lies right below the surface of the skin to respond to stimuli, such as touch and pain

A. Axon
B. Sensory receptor
C. Dendrites
D. Soma
E. Action potential

A

B. Sensory receptor

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29
Q

A neuronal impulse

A. Axon
B. Sensory receptor
C. Dendrites
D. Soma
E. Action potential

A

B. Sensory receptor

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30
Q

Oogenesis produces:

a. 1 ova and 3 polar bodies
b. 2 ova and 2 polar bodies
c. 3 ova and 1 polar body
d. 4 ova
e. all of the above

A

a. 1 ova and 3 polar bodies

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31
Q

An invertebrate species reproduces asexually for most of the year. However, during the summer, it will switch its reproductive method and use sexual reproduction exclusively. Which of the following might explain this change?

a. A predator population is gradually decreasing b. The hot weather during summer diminishes
a pathogen the species is sensitive to
c. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a
surge in its prevalence during the summer
months
d. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a
surge in its prevalence during the nonsummer
months

A

c. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a surge in its prevalence during the summer months

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32
Q

The need for two genders in sexually reproducing species represents a

a. Pre-zygotic barrier
b. Post-zygotic barrier
c. Cost of sex
d. Advantage of sex

A

c. Cost of sex

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33
Q

What would happen if the zona pellucida of an oocyte was not able to harden as in the zona reaction during fertilization?

a. Binding of sperm to an egg could not
happen
b. Polyspermy may occur
c. Fertilization of t he egg by 1 sperm would
be enhanced
d. Pro-nucleui formation would be enhanced

A

b. Polyspermy may occur

34
Q

An erection and subsequent ejaculation are due to all of the following except:

a. Parasympathetic nervous system
b. Vein dilation
c. Nitric oxide release
d. Arterial dilation

A

b. vein dilation

35
Q

The maintenance of homeostasis is:

a. Essential for all living organisms
b. Important for regulating body temperature
c. Important for regulating internal ion
concentrations
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

36
Q

Animal masturbation indicates that:

a. Masturbation may play roles in reproductive
success
b. Masturbation may be used for more reasons
than just pleasure
c. Animals other than humans enjoy sex
d. All of the above

A

d. all of the above

37
Q

When a woman is on her menstrual period the cervix is likely to be:

e. Closed, to prevent fertilization
f. Closed, to prevent infection
g. Open, to allow menses flow
h. Open, to enhance sperm transport

A

g. open to allow menses to flow

38
Q

The clitoris is homologous to this male structure:

A. Vas Deferens
B. Penis shaft
C. Testis
D. Scrotum
E. Glans Penis

A

E. Glans Penis

39
Q

The labia are homologous to this male structure:

A. Vas Deferens
B. Penis shaft
C. Testis
D. Scrotum
E. Glans Penis

A

D. Scrotum

40
Q

The ovaries are homologous to this male structure:

A. Vas Deferens
B. Penis shaft
C. Testis
D. Scrotum
E. Glans Penis

A

C. Testis

41
Q

The fallopian tubes are homologous to this male structure:

A. Vas Deferens
B. Penis shaft
C. Testis
D. Scrotum
E. Glans Penis

A

A. Vas Deferens

42
Q

Ejaculate fluid contains:

a. Fluids from multiple organs and glands
b. Is ejaculated from out of the urethra
c. Contains energy in the form of fructose for the
sperm
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

43
Q

Mueller’s ratchet is a theorem that states:

a. Populations must constantly evolve to evade the
pressures of the changing world
b. Natural selection drives sexual selection
c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the
accumulation of deleterious mutations
d. Mutations can be generated spontaneously in
sexually reproducing organisms

A

c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations

44
Q

“Hostile” vaginal fluid is:

a. acidic
b. basic
c. sticky
d. all of the above

A

a. acidic

45
Q

One species of penguins mates during the spring, while another neighboring species mates during the fall. This temporal isolation would be considered:

a. A cost of sex
b. a pre-zygotic barrier
c. a post-zygotic barrier
d. a benefit of sex

A

b. a pre-zygotic barrier

46
Q

What helps sperm to break through the zona pellucida?

A

Organelles called lysosomes which contain digestive fluids.

47
Q

How is DNA different from RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded with an extra oxygen in its sugar which makes it a less stable molecule.

48
Q

What is an allele?

A

A pair of genes: one allele comes from each parent.

49
Q

What is the nerve that is used to carry feelings of pleasure such as from clitorus to spine to brain?

A

Pudendul nerve.

50
Q

Name some of the costs of sex.

A
  1. STDs
  2. Attracting a mate can be DANGEROUS
  3. Costly ornaments and devices hinder quality of life
  4. Can be hard to find a mate
  5. Reproduction takes longer than asexual
51
Q

What are some benefits of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Genetic diversity
  2. Weed out mutations
52
Q

What theory states that sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity to stay ahead of pathogens?

A

The Red Queen Hypothesis

53
Q

What theory states that sexual reproduction weeds out deletarious mutations?

A

Mueller’s Ratchet

54
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A
55
Q

What are two types of meiosis?

A

Spermagenesis with one cycle creating four cells

and

oogenesis with one cycle creating 1 cell

56
Q

What is the timeline for the stages of meiosis for men?

A

Every 16 days men go through both stage one and stage two of meiosis.

57
Q

What is the timeline for women with regard to meiosis?

A

Women go through stage one of meiosis before birth and stage two after a successful fertilization process.

58
Q

On it’s journey through the vagina what process does sperm go through “getting dressed for his date” that is crucial to fertilization?

A

Capacitation

59
Q

When sperm meets the egg what 2 reactions take place?

A
  1. ligand receptor reaction
  2. acrosome reaction
60
Q

What is the last step of sperm and egg fertilization?

A

The fusion of nuclei of sperm and egg.

61
Q

What are some pre-zygotic barriers?

(before sperm and egg ever meet)

A
  1. termporal separation
  2. mechanical
  3. ligand receptor reaction
  4. beharioral
  5. habitat/local of species
62
Q

What are some post-zygotic barriers?

(if wrong sperm and egg get past all pre-zygotic barriers and fertilize to create cross species offspring)

A

Hybrids are often infertle having an odd number of chromosomes.

63
Q

Which parts of the male anatomy contribute to making ejaculatory fluid?

A
  1. Testes - sperm
  2. prostate - PSA enzyme
  3. seminiferous tubules - majority of ejaculatory fluid
  4. Cowper’s Gland (bulbourethra gland) - fluid to cleanse urethra
64
Q

Where is the sperm made?

A

Testes

65
Q

Where is the sperm stored after the testes make it?

A

Epididymous

66
Q

What is the first cleavage in fertilization of sperm and egg?

A

The first (mitotic) cell division

67
Q

What gland in the woman helps to make secretions to lubricate for sex?

A

Bartholin’s Gland

68
Q

True or false:

Estrogen is a steroid hormone.

A

True

69
Q

Which hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

FSH (matures egg)

and

LH (causes ovulation)

70
Q

What homone is released by the hypothalamus during a woman’s menstrual cycle?

A

GnRH

71
Q

How is touch information sent?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle -> sensory neuron ->

pudendal nerve -> spine -> brain

72
Q

What are three methods of contraception?

A
  1. Prevent ovulation - ex: oral contraceptives
  2. Barrier devices - ex: diaphragm, condom
  3. Prevent implantation - ex: IUD, Plan B
73
Q

In the neuron which of the following sends the message or is the “voice” of the neuron?

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. synapses

A

a. axon

74
Q

In the neuron which of the following brings the message or is the “ears” of the neuron?

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. synapses

A

b. dendrite

75
Q

Which of the following is the point of communication or meeting place of the sending and receiving of information within a neuron?

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. synapses

A

c. synapses

76
Q

In a neuron chemical signals induce what?

A

an action potential

77
Q

What in the female is homologous to the male’s bulbourethra gland (Cowper’s Gland)?

A

Bartholin’s Gland

78
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

Internal female structures that are finger like and assist the egg in it’s travels from the ovary to the edge of the fallopian tubes during ovulation.

79
Q

What is the whole external reproductive area of the woman called?

a. Clitorus
b. Vagina
c. Vulva
d. Uterus

A

c. Vulva

80
Q

Which female organ makes and responds to progesterone and estrogen?

a. ovaries
b. uterus
c. cervix
d. Bartholin’s Gland

A

a. ovaries

81
Q
A

Humans and Sex (2 decks)

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