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General Pathology > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

studying of disease (suffering)

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

is the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

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3
Q

Optimal homeostasis is interchangeable with _____ _____

A

optimal health.

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4
Q

disease

A

a structural and/or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism; a deviation from optimal homeostasis

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5
Q

What is the difference between a sign and symptom?

A

Sign is objective (physical examination)

Symptom is subjective (patient’s experience)

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6
Q

Is a fever an example of a sign or a symptom?

A

Sign

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7
Q

Is pain or numbness an example of a sign or symptom?

A

Symptom

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8
Q

What are the two factors that influence a cell’s ability to adapt?

A

the cell type and nature of the cellular stress

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9
Q

What are the four main adaptations to cellular stress?

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia

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10
Q

The cause or set of causes, or manner of causation of a given pathology

A

Etiology

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11
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

genetic susceptibilities and environmental triggers

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12
Q

a sequence of events involved in the cellular and molecular change involved with a specific disease process

A

Pathogenesis

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13
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

responses that would be expected to occur with normal physiological changes.

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14
Q

Pathological adaptations

A

responses to excessive cellular stress and indicate a loss of optimal structure and function

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15
Q

An increase in the size of a cell

A

hypertrophy

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16
Q

T/F: hypertrophy is a common adaptation in cells that are capable of mitosis

A

False- these cells are incapable of mitosis/ have a limited capacity for division

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17
Q

The term for narrowed heart valve

A

stenosis

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18
Q

Hypertrophy occurs due to what two things?

A

increase growth factors and overloading cell tissue

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19
Q

T/F: when estrogen acts as a growth factor on a pregnant uterus, this growth is a combination of BOTH hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Increased number of cells, due to cellular division and frequently results in an enlargement of the involved tissue

A

Hyperplasia

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21
Q

Biopsy

A

an examination of a tissue removed from a living body to discover presence, cause, or extent of a disease.

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22
Q

T/F: HPV is an example of hypertrophy

A

False- hyperplasia can be stimulated by certain viral infections. HPV being one of them.

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23
Q

Atrophy

A

the shrinkage of cell size, due to a loss of cell’s structural proteins

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24
Q

Atrophy happens because of what two things?

A
  1. reduced protein synthesis

2. increase rate of protein breakdown

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25
Q

T/F: A cell that undergoes atrophy is dead

A

False

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26
Q

Metaplasia

A

a form of cellular adaptation where one cell type is replaced by another cell type

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27
Q

Causes of tissue atrophy

A

immobilization, denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, endocrine disruption and aging

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28
Q

T/F: metaplasia is reversible

A

true

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29
Q

T/F: metaplasia does not predispose the involved cells to malignant transformation

A

false - it does

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30
Q

Name two prolonged stressors that cause metaplasia over time

A

GERD - stratified epithelial cells are replaced by columnar cells
Smoking - normal dilated columnar epithelia are replaced by stratified squamous cells

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31
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient blood supply to a tissue

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32
Q

hypoxia

A

when and organ is not receiving adequate oxygen within the arterial blood supplying the organ

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33
Q

T/F: ischemia and hypoxia are usually related to each other

A

true

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34
Q

Necrosis

A

form of cellular death involving destruction of cellular membranes, which inflammatory reaction will bring phagocytes to the area to eliminate dead cellular debris

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35
Q

apoptosis

A

form of regulated cell death that allows controlled cellular breakdown

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36
Q

Cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin, which may develop following tissue ischemia or hypoxia

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37
Q

hyperglycemia causes _____ _____ _____ among individuals with diabetes.

A

peripheral vascular disease

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38
Q

excessive water consumption (water intoxication) can cause ____ ____

A

brain swelling

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39
Q

Poison vs. toxin

A

substance secreted from a living organism vs. substance that may kill, injury, or impair a living organism.

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40
Q

cellular senescence (aging)

A

reduced capacity for cells to react to stress, and maintain homeostasis

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41
Q

what are the two things that reversibly injured cells present with

A

cellular swelling and accumulation of fat (steatosis)

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42
Q

_____ _____ develops because injured cells may not have enough ATP to ‘power’ ATP-dependent pumps (sodium potassium or calcium ion pumps)

A

cellular swelling

43
Q

T/F: when cellular swelling occurs the nucleus is not in tact

A

FALSE – it is still intact that is why it is reversible

44
Q

What is the primary organ that manifests fatty change following injury?

A

Liver

45
Q

Cellular death is associated with 3 features, list them:

A

significant mitochondrial damage or dysfunction
a damaged of dysfunctional plasma membrane
genetic or nuclear damage

46
Q

if someone survives a liquefactive necrosis what will form/is remaining?

A

a cavitation

47
Q

what is a condition that results in liquefactive necrosis

A

hypoxia to cells of the CNS

48
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis

A

characteristically associated with bacterial infections, but deep fungal infections may also produce this pattern of tissue death where they rapidly liquify and bring a lot of WBC’s to the area to digest the mass.

49
Q

What type of necrosis is known as “friable” and is often caused by tuberculosis

A

caseous necrosis

50
Q

microscopically what is commonly found in caseous necrosis

A

a caseous granuloma which is a collection of macrophages

51
Q

fat necrosis is also known as what kind of necrosis

A

enzymatic necrosis

52
Q

which type of necrosis likely stems from a ruptured pancreas

A

fat (enzymatic) necrosis

53
Q

what is a common cause of enzymatic necrosis

A

acute pancreatitis from chronic alcoholism

54
Q

what type of accident could cause a pancreas to rupture and what type of necrosis would that be?

A

motor vehicle accident, fat necrosis

55
Q

what type of necrosis requires a microscope to see?

A

fibrinoid necrosis

56
Q

fibrinoid necrosis is typically caused by inflammation within vessel walls, and might manifest as what under a light microscope

A

eosinophilic appearance

57
Q

what is a rare fibrinoid necrosis associated with elevated blood pressure

A

malignant hypertension

58
Q

T/F apoptosis is inflammatory

A

false

59
Q

both apoptotic pathways (name them) cause a caspase enzyme cascade which fragments the cells nucleus and forms ____ bodies.

A

mitochondrial and death receptor, apoptotic bodies

60
Q

which apoptotic pathway is intrinsic? which extrinsic?

A

mitochondrial, death receptor

61
Q

which caspases do each apoptotic pathway use?

A

mitochondrial = 9, death receptor = 8

62
Q

what does extrinsic pathway mean?

A

the pathway is initiated on the outside surface of the cell

63
Q

can necrosis ever be physiologic

A

NO only pathologic

64
Q

autophagy only occurs during times of plentiful nutrients T/F

A

false during little nutrients, times of deprivation

65
Q

what does autophagy do to its own cells organelles

A

sequesters them into an autophagic vacuole and the cells lysosomes eat those as a source of nutrients.

66
Q

T/F autophagy happens no matter how long you are nutrient deprived

A

false, after a super long period of time the cell stops doing this and just apoptoses.

67
Q

Apoptosis is needed when the cell is experiencing the following 4 things:

A

severe DNA damage
severe protein damage
a loss of cellular survival signals
cells that have been infected by viruses

68
Q

Eosinophilia

A

necrotic cells with an increased PINK or RED appearance (stained under microscope)

69
Q

myelin figures

A

necrotic cells contain membrane damage and myelin figures are “rolled-up” or scroll-like area of the lipid bilayer that is within a cell

70
Q

T/F (TQ): the myelin figures seen under the microscope are actually involved with myelin.

A

FALSE: just resemble the myelin sheath around it

71
Q

Pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

72
Q

Karyorrhexis (after pyknosis)

A

the cell fragments or falls apart

73
Q

karyolysis

A

continued degradation of the cell and the basophilia fades. (1-2 days it completely disappears)

74
Q

How many patterns of necrosis are there?

A

6

75
Q

what type of necrosis deals with solid organs experiencing severe ischemia?

A

coagulative necrosis

76
Q

In coagulative necrosis, does the tissue damaged immediately develop a cavity where scar tissue will develop?

A

No, it will maintain a firm texture for several days. Once the inflammatory cells accumulate at the site, that is when we will see the cavity begin to form

77
Q

If the CNS experiences ischemia what type of necrosis does it undergo?

A

liquefactive necrosis

78
Q

where does gangrenous necrosis often settle?

A

feet and hands

79
Q

what are some examples of conditions that produce gangrene…

A

PVD, frostbite, major trauma that obstructs blood supply

80
Q

what is the uncomplicated gangrene called

A

dry gangrene

81
Q

bacteria such as clostridium perfringens causes what type of gangrene

A

gas gangrene– the tissue is infected and the gas by products become trapped within the tissues

82
Q

hypoxia and ischemia inhibit a cell’s ability to do what?

A

produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria.

83
Q

what types of cells are more resistant to hypoxia?

A

cells that can switch over to glycolysis, unlike cardiac or CNS cells since they cant.

84
Q

Inhibited ATP production will cause what to cells?

A

destruction of cellular membranes thus triggering necrosis

85
Q

What compound do cells that can perform glycolysis produce that may injure the cell?

A

lactic acid, due to making a lower ph environment

86
Q

What is the primary place in the cell that the abnormal substances accumulate?

A

cytoplasm

87
Q

What is a molecule with an unpaired electron in their outer orbital shell called?

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

88
Q

caput medusae

A

present when superficial epigastric veins become engorged. occurs when advanced liver cirrhosis prevents blood from flowing through the liver.

89
Q

Mallory bodies

A

an intracellular inclusion that are accumulate in the liver cells of patients who have alcoholic liver disease.

90
Q

conditions that stimulate Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia (high LDLs & low HDLs) and even chronic hypertension.

91
Q

what type of injury happens when the toxin directly kills or binds to the cell interfering with its function.

A

direct (toxic) injury. sometimes called “cytotoxicity”

92
Q

what type of injury occurs when the substance itself doesnt cause direct injury but is converted into a byproduct which ends up doing the harm?

A

latent (toxic) injury. typically occurs within the smooth ER of liver via cytochrome P450 - too much tylenol (acetaminophen)

93
Q

T/F: damage to a cells nuclear DNA will produce mutations

A

True

94
Q

T/F: mutations to the DNA will trigger apoptosis

A

true

95
Q

What are the three sources of genetic damage?

A

ionizing radiation, viral infections or various chemicals

96
Q

4 mechanisms of intracellular accumulations:

A
  1. abnormal metabolism
  2. defective protein folding or transport
  3. defective or absent enzymes
  4. ingestion of indigestible materials
97
Q

What is the primary place in the cell that the abnormal substances accumulate?

A

cytoplasm

98
Q

Ascites

A

develops when the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen accumulates excessive fluid (edema).

99
Q

caput medusae

A

present when superficial epigastric veins become engorged. occurs when advanced liver cirrhosis prevents blood from flowing through the liver.

100
Q

Mallory bodies

A

an intracellular inclusion that are accumulate in the liver cells of patients who have alcoholic liver disease.

101
Q

conditions that stimulate Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia (high LDLs & low HDLs) and even chronic hypertension.

102
Q

what is the most common cause of fatty liver disease, inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis)

A

excessive alcohol consumption

103
Q

Does cirrhosis or hepatitis take longer to develop?

A

cirrhosis - it takes 20 years of heavy drinking to develop this. only a few weeks of heavy drinking for hepatitis to develop.

General Pathology (1 decks)

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