Quiz 1 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Stylohyoid muscle function
A
Draw hyoid up and back to potentially elevate the larynx
2
Q
Digastric muscle: anterior belly origin
A
Lowers border of the mandible
3
Q
Basement membrane zone
A
Secures epithelium to Superior Lamina Propria.
Susceptible to injury due to vibration and shearing forces – creates NODULES NOT polyps.
Disease and injury damage connecting links between epithelium and this
4
Q
Fibronectin
A
Scar formation found on BMZ and also in nodules
5
Q
Mucous membrane
A
COVER
Consists of epithelium and superficial lamina propria like jello with plastic wrap
6
Q
Vocal ligament
A
TRANSITION
Consists of Intermediate lamina propria (like a bundle of rubberbands) and Deep lamina propria (like a bundle of cotton threads)
7
Q
Thyroarytenoid muscle
A
BODY
Vocalis + Muscularis
8
Q
Vocal fold layers: Outermost
A
Epithelium: thin, stiff capsule; part of cover
9
Q
Vocal fold layers: Second
A
Superficial lamina propria; Reinke’s space; part of cover
10
Q
Vocal fold layers: Third
A
Intermediate lamina propria; part of transition
11
Q
Digastric muscle: anterior belly insertion
A
Intermediate tendon
12
Q
Digastric muscle: anterior belly function
A
Pulls hyoid anteriorly and superiorly to elevate the larynx; depresses jaw/mandible
13
Q
Digastric muscle: posterior belly origin
A
Mastoid process
14
Q
Digastric muscle: posterior belly insertion
A
Intermediate tendon
15
Q
Digastric muscle: posterior belly function
A
Pulls hyoid anteriorly and superiorly to elevate the larynx; depresses jaw/mandible
16
Q
Digastric muscle is a _______ suprahyoid muscle.
A
suprahyoid
17
Q
Geniohyoid muscle origin
A
Mental spine/symphysis of mandible
18
Q
Geniohyoid muscle insertion
A
Hyoid body
19
Q
Geniohyoid is a _____ muscle
A
suprahyoid
20
Q
Mylohyoid inferior origin
A
mylohyoid line on inner surface of mandible
21
Q
Mylohyoid inferior insertion
A
Midline raphe
22
Q
Mylohyoid is a _____ muscle
A
suprahyoid
23
Q
Geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles’ functions
A
pull hyoid anterior and superiorly to potentially elevate larynx
24
Q
Stylohyoid muscle origin
A
Stylohyoid process of temporal bone
25
Stylohyoid muscle insertion
body of hyoid bone
26
Stylohyoid muscle runs laterally to
posterior belly of digastric muscle
27
Stylohyoid is a _____ muscle
suprahyoid
28
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly) origin
Scapula
29
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly) insertion
Intermediate tendon
30
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly) origin
Intermediate tendon
31
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly) insertion
Greater horn of hyoid
32
Omohyoid muscles' functions
Pull hyoid down and back to potentially lower/depress the larynx
33
Omohyoid muscles are _________ muscles
infrahyoid
34
Sternohyoid muscle
muscle that covers the ventral surface of throat
35
Sternohyoid muscle origin
manubrium of sternum and end of clavicle
36
Sternohyoid muscle insertion
lower border of hyoid bone
37
Sternohyoid muscle function
Pull hyoid bone down and lowers larynx
38
Sternohyoid is a ____________ muscle
infrahyoid
39
Sternothyroid muscle origin
posterior surface of manubrium and first costal cartilage
40
Sternothyroid muscle insertion
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
41
Sternothyroid muscle function
depresses thyroid cartilage and lowers larynx
42
Thyrohyoid muscle origin
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
43
Thyrohyoid muscle insertion
hyoid bone
44
Thyrohyoid muscle function
Elevates larynx OR depresses hyoid
45
Sternohyoid and thyrohyoid are ____________ muscles
infrahyoid
46
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle group origin and insertion are on the
larynx
47
Intrinsic laryngeal muscle group includes:
```
Posterior cricoarytenoids
Lateral cricoarytenoids
Arytenoids: transverse and oblique
Cricothyroids
Thyroarytenoids
```
48
Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) origin
posterior surface of cricoid cartilage (lamina)
49
PCA insertion
muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
50
PCA function
ONLY abductor of the vocal folds
| rocks AC back thus rotating vocal processes away from the midline
51
PCA innervation
Recurrent Laryngeal branch of CN X
52
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) origin
upper border and anterolateral arch of cricoid
53
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) insertion
muscular process of arytenoids
54
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) function
ADDUCTS vocal processes and adducts membranous portions of vocal folds
55
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) innervation
RLN of CN X
56
Interarytenoids (IAs) Oblique Origin
posterior part of the muscular process of AC
57
Interarytenoids (IAs) Oblique Insertion
Courses up and across to apex of opposite arytenoid
58
Interarytenoids (IAs) Transverse Origin
Lateral-posterior aspect of AC
59
Interarytenoids (IAs) Transverse Insertion
Courses across to opposite AC
60
Interarytenoids (IAs) Function
Adducts arytenoid cartilages and thus, cartilaginous glottis (posterior glottis)
61
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) pars oblique Origin
Anterolateral arch of cricoid
62
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) pars oblique Insertion
Inferior horn of thyroid
63
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) pars recta Origin
Anterolateral arch of cricoid
64
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) pars recta Insertion
Courses vertically to lower margin of thyroid
65
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) functions
Decreases distance between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Increases distance between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Lengthens VFs which increases longitudinal tension of folds = increase in pitch
66
Cricothyroid muscle (CT) innervation
Superior laryngeal nerve
67
Thyroarytenoid Muscle (TA): Vocalis and Muscularis Origin
Deep surface of thyroid angle
68
Thyroarytenoid Muscle (TA): Vocalis and Muscularis Insertion
Lateral/inferior aspect of vocal processes of arytenoids, some fibers attach to muscular process
69
Thyroarytenoid Muscle (TA): Vocalis and Muscularis Functions
```
Decrease distance between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Shortens vocal folds
Relaxes cover
Tenses body
Bulks VFs
Aids in adduction
Can increase or decrease pitch
```
70
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
It is in the Piriform Recess: it monitors sensations from the supraglottic larynx(on the final)
71
What nerve pierces thyroid membrane?
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
72
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the larynx above the vocal cords?
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
73
Is at risk for injury during thyroidectomy due to its proximity to the superior thyroid artery and vein.
This nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle, which tenses the vocal cords (loss may lead to hoarseness)
Sensory info from surface of inferior pharyngeal constrictors
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
74
RLN of Vagus Nerve (X)
Motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except for CT)
Motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except for CT)
75
Right RLN loops around what?
subclavian artery then ascends along side the trachea
76
Left RLN loops around what?
Left side of aortic branch then ascends along side trachea
77
RLN enters larynx at inferior cornu of TC, which is the point of
articulation for TC & CC
78
A continuous sheet of membrane, which connects the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
Funnel or cone-shaped cavity--hence the name
Conus Elasticus/Cricovocal Membrane
79
The ____________________adduct the vocal processes and membranous vocal folds, while the ______________________adduct the cartilaginous or posterior glottis.
lateral cricoarytenoids ; interarytenoids
80
The cricothyroid muscle is responsible for increases in frequency and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
False
81
When the thyroarytenoid muscles contract they
- shorten the vocal folds
- increase medial compression by bulking the vocal folds
- can increase or decrease frequency
82
Changes in the composition of the___________can result in a decreased mucosal wave.
epithelium only
83
The deep layer of the laminia propria is composed of mainly elastin fibers and interstitial fluids.
deep lamina propria ; thyroarytenoid muscle
84
The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of cranial nerve ___and provides motor innervation to _______and carries sensory information from the ______________________.
CN X ; the cricothyroid ; supraglottic area
85
The geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles are ____________ and function to ______ the hyoid and larynx.
suprahyoid muscles ; elevate
86
The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates _________. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is more common on the ______side.
all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid ; left
87
The _________ and _________ muscles have their insertions on the _________ of the ________ cartilage.
posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid ; muscular processes ; arytenoid
88
True or False? Elastic recoil plays an important role in vocal fold closure during vibration.
True
89
The aerodynamic force that is responsible for opening the vocal folds is _______, while the aerodynamic force which
helps to close the vocal folds is __________ that results from the __________.
subglottal pressure ; negative pressue ; Bernoulli Effect
90
The Body - Cover Model of Frequency Control states that during high intensity phonation contraction of the TA muscle
will increase pitch as long as the cricothyroid muscle is not at maximum activity
91
Fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration depends on
vocal fold length, mass, and elasticity
92
The convergent glottal shape occurs when the vocal folds are _____ and the net tissue velocity (i.e. movement) is ________.
opening ; outward
93
In the One Mass Model (Vocal Tract Inertance) of vocal fold vibration, sustained phonation is driven by
alternating positive and negative supraglottic and transglottic (intraglottic) pressures
94
A vocal register is
a series of pitches perceived to be of the same timbre or quality
a series of pitches produced in the same physiological manner
95
Vocal quality (i.e. roughness, breathiness etc.) is determined by
degree of glottic closure and periodicity of VF vibration
96
True or false? The mucosal wave is an apparent sliding motion of the vocal fold cover over the vocal fold body.
True
97
In order to produce high vocal intensity (loud phonation)
- the vocal folds must adduct completely
- the closed phase of vibration must be longer than the open phase
- respiratory drive must be adequate and subglottal pressure relatively high
- the vocal folds must close rapidly
98
Organic Voice Disorders: Name the diseases.
1. Contact ulcers & Granulomas
2. Infectious laryngitis
3. Gastroesophageal reflux and
laryngealpharyngeal reflux
4. Vocal fold papilloma
5. Candida
6. Leukoplakia and Hyperkeratosis
7. Sulcus Vocalis
8. Laryngeal Cancer
99
Organic Voice Disorders: Name congenital and trauma
1. Laryngeal web
2. Laryngeal Cleft
3. Subglottic stenosis
4. Laryngomalacia
5. CA joint Ankylosis
100
Contact Ulcers and Granulomas: What are the 3 typical causes?
1. GERD or LPR
2. Phonotrauma
3. Intubation trauma
101
Which disease?
- Form on the medial aspect of the posterior third of the vocal folds (cartilaginous portion)
- Granulomas are comprised of lymphocytes and fibrotic connective tissue
- Usually unilateral but can be bilateral
- Variable glottic closure – complete to incomplete
- Mucosal wave may be decreased
Contact Ulcers and Granulomas
102
This is a description of what disease?
Excessive medial compression of posterior glottis during low pitched phonation, hard glottal attacks, increased loudness, throat clearing and coughing
Phonotrauma
103
This is a description of what disease?
Affects of stomach acid and enzymes on VF tissue. Signs are heartburn, chronic hoarseness worse in a.m., nocturnal coughing, excessive mucous, belching, sour/acid taste, burning in throat
GERD/LPR
104
This is a description of what disease?
| Trauma to VFs from prolonged intubation due to endotracheal tube rubbing VFs
Intubation
