Quiz 1 Flashcards
Microglia…(Neuroglia of the CNS)
Brain macrophages
What tethers the Conus Medullaris to the coccyx?
The filum terminale
_____ nerves conduct impulses toward the CNS (Sensory)
Afferent
A demyelinating disease of the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis
Where is the Sacral plexus found?
L4-S4
Why type of injury can arise from improper positioning of the arms (primarily stretch injuries)?
Brachial Plexus
What is the descending (motor) tract?
Corticospinal tract
Carry sensory impulses away from the brain
What consists of an outer layer and a inner layer and drains CSF?
Dura Mater
Dura sinus are between the layers.
What type of bleeding occurs between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater?
(Usually from a ruptured CEREBRAL ANEURYSM)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Bleeding in the subarachnoid space
Less common but an important cause of stroke
What produces CSF?
Choroid Plexus
Where do third order neurons project to?
Project to specific cortex in the brain.
Parts of the Cerebrum
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
A unilateral RLN injury causes (adductor or abductor) vocal cord paralysis (posterior cricoarytenoid muscle), so the affected cord assumes a paramedian position which causes postoperative __________.
Abductor, hoarseness.
Where do second order neurons ascend and terminate from?
Ascend in the spinal cord and terminate in thalamus
Parts of the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
What type of bleeding occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater?
(Usually resulting from tears in BRIDGING VEINS)
Subdural Hematoma
Cranial nerve VII innervates…
Muscles of facial expression (motor)
Orbicularis Oculi
What does cranial nerve X do?
Provides sensory, motor, and parasympathetic innervation
PHARYNX
-Supply the pharyngeal muscles and mucous membrane and palate
LARYNX
-SLN and RLN
T/F: The 3 meningeal layers cover the spinal cord and nerve roots and continue into the sacrum.
True
__________detect pain, damage to tissue (physical or chemical)
Nocioceptors
Order of a nerve body.
Dendrite—>Cell body—>Axon—>Synaptic terminals
________ detect taste, smell, O2 levels, and pH
Chemoreceptors
Dorsal Roots are _______ fibers arising from ….
SENSORY, cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
The RLN innervates the ________ muscles of the ________ except for the cricothyroid.
Intrinsic, larynx
Schwann Cells…
Produce the myelin sheath around axons of the PNS and create a neurilemma around them.
Cell bodies are clustered together in the CNS to form _____.
Nuclei/centers
What arteries arise from the intercostal and lumbar arteries?
The Radicular arteries
Describe what the internal carotid arteries supply blood to.
Arterial supply to the circle of willis, the eye via the ophthalmic artery, and ultimately bifurcates into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
The right carotid artery arises from the _______.
Innominate artery
Functions of the parietal lobe:
Knowing right from left
Sensation
Reading
Understanding special relations
Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?
The subclavian arteries
And they supply arterial blood to the circle of willis
______ nerves conduct impulses away from the CNS (Motor)
Efferent
___________ detect temperature.
Thermoreceptors
T/F: the Cauda Equina exists at birth?
False. The spinal cord extends into the sacrum in early development.
Axons in the CNS are bundled together to forms ____.
Tracts/pathways
What is the “captain of the autonomic nervous system”?
Hypothalamus
Regulates body temp, BP, digestive tract, breathing…
Do sinuses have valves?
No. Blood can flow back and forth.
Neurilemma…
Allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS
Where are the venous sinuses located?
Between the layers of the dura mater and drain into the internal jugular vein.
Functions of the Cerebellum:
Balance
Coordination
Fine muscle control
Functions of the occipital lobe
Vision
Color blindness
Most axons are _________ so these structures will be part of ______.
Myelinated, white-matter
Astrocytes… (Neuroglia of the CNS)
Form the blood brain barrier
Allow passage of small molecules (H20, O2, CO2), lipophilic molecules (EtOH, heroin, scopolamine), passive transport of glucose, and active transport of amino acids.
Prevents passage of large molecules (dopamine, glycopyrrolate), and charged (ionized) molecules.
What is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Part of the cervical plexua
Is the spinal cord a continuation of the brainstem?
Yes
Bilateral vocal cord paralysis can manifest as partial vs. complete airway obstruction. Symptoms include… requiring…..
Respiratory distress with stridor, requiring emergent reintubation or tracheostomy
Functions of the brain stem:
Breathing BP Heartbeat Swallowing Alertness/sleep Body temp Digestion
Ventral roots are ______ fibers arising from…
MOTOR, the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Cell bodies are clustered together in the PNS to form ______.
Ganglia
Two types of neural cells:
Neuroglia: for support, regulation and protection of neurons.
Neurons: FOr processing, transfer, and storage of information.
What covers the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
Where does the spinal cord end?
At the Conus Medullaris (L1-L2 in adults)
What all sensory and motor innervation does cranial nerve IX do?
Sensory -baroreceptors of carotid sinus (can cause bradycardia and hypotension during CEA -chemoreceptors of the carotid body -posterior oral mucosa (gag reflex) Motor -pharynx (swallowing)
What nerve is often damaged while in stirrups or in the lateral position?
Common perineal nerve
This can cause foot drop, inability to dorsiflex the foot.
What is cranial nerve (IX)
Glossopharyngeal
Neuron cell bodies are __________ structures and will be part of _______.
Unmyelinated, gray-matter.
The brain and spinal (do or do not) have a neurolemma?
Do not
The left carotid artery arises from the ________.
Aortic arch
The external carotid artery remains _______ to the skull.
Superficial
What arteries arises from the vertebral artery and extends to the conus medullaris?
The posterior spinal arteries (Paired)
What innervates the muscles of the hand and ADDUCTS the thumb and little finger?
Ulnar nerve
What type of brain bleed is a neurological emergency?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What type of bleeding occurs between the skull and dura mater?
Usually arterial in origin (meningeal arteries)
Epidural hematoma
__________ detect degree of stretch in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments.
Proprioceptors
What are ascending sensory pathways?
anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway and the posterior colum (medial lemniscus pathway)
They cary sensory impulses toward the brain.
What is responsible for our reflex response to stimuli and are located in the dorsal horn of the spine?
Interneuron cell bodies, (connect the sensory and motor neurons)
What is the sensory relay station?
Thalamus
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
Name of a fast growing tumor
A malignant tumor affecting the brain or spine.
Glioblastoma
S+S: HA, Vomiting, Seizure
The internal carotid artery enters the _____.
Base of the skull.
What is sensory and motor innervation of the femoral nerve?
Sensory-anterior thigh
Motor-quadricep muscles
Is the brain a very complex structure in terms of both structure and function?
Yes
Where do upper motor neurons originate and terminate?
Originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord
What is cranial nerve VII?
Facial nerve
The dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots combine to form…
The spinal nerves
What two type of arteries supply blood to the brain?
B/L carotid arteries
B/L Vertebral arteries
Where is CSF produced?
In the cerebral ventricles
Components of the intracranial Vault
Brain = ____%
Blood = ____%
CSF = ____%
Brain = 80-85% Blood = 5-10% CSF = 10-15%
Where to lower motor neurons (second order neurons) originate and terminate?
Originate in the spinal cord and terminate at the neuro-motor junction.
What is the total volume of CSF at any time?
~150cc
_________ detect light on the retina.
Electromagnetic receptors
How much CSF is produced each day?
~500cc
The SLN innervates the __________ muscles, which (tenses or relaxes) and (adducts or abducts) the _______. Injury can produce______.
Cricothyroid, tenses, adducts, vocal cords.
Changes in voice quality. (Not dangerous)
_________ is a continual sheath around the myelin that is essential in peripheral nerve regeneration.
Neurolemma
________ are unmyelinated segments between Schwann cells.
Nodes of Ranvier
Where is the sciatic nerve found and what two nerves branch off of it?
L4-S3
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal (fibular) nerve
Where is the level of the tip of the xiphoid process?
T6
T/F: abducted arms must have pronated hands.
False, supinated
Ulnar nerve can be damaged with improper positioning also
T/F: cervical spinal nerves exit from below the respective vertebral body.
False. above
Spinal nerve root 1 from above C1 vertebral body.
Spinal nerve root 2 from between C1 and C2, ect.
Spinal nerve root 8 from below C7
The remaining spinal nerve pairs emerge from the spinal cord BELOW the same numbered vertebral body.
What is anchored to the brain by astrocytes?
Pia mater
A demyelinating disease of the PNS
Guillian-Barre
Functions of the Frontal Lobe?
Movement Thinking initiation Reasoning (judgment) Behavior (emotions) Memory Speaking
What major nerve is part of the lumbar plexus?
The femoral nerve
Bilateral phrenic nerve injury leads to…
Respiratory failure
_________ detect mechanical deformation of the receptor or of cells adjacent to the receptor (e.g. Baroreceptors).
Mechanoreceptors
The thicker the axon, the ____ the conduction velocity.
Faster
Oligodendrocytes…(Neuroglia of the CNS)
Produce the myelin sheath around the axons of the CNS
Myelin insulates the axon and _____ conduction velocity.
Increases
Ependymal cells…(Neuroglia of the CNS)
Produce cerebral spinal fluid
What consists of the spinal nerve pairs from L2, the sacral nerves, and the coccygeal nerve?
The Cauda Equina
Where do the first order neurons originate and terminate from?
Originate in periphery and terminate in spinal cord.
Where is the level of the nipples?
T4
Where is the level of the umbilicus?
T10
What is cranial nerve X?
Vagus
What artery arises from the vertebral artery and extends to the conus medullaris?
The Anterior Spinal Artery (single)
What does the brachial plexus arise from and what does it innervate?
Arrises from C5-T1 and innervates the upper limbs and shoulder
What spinal nerves composes the lumbar plexus and what does it innervate?
L1-L4, innervates the anterior and medial muscles of the thigh.
Axons in the PNS are bundled together to form ____.
Nerves.
