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Language Awareness > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

not to cry

1
Q

What is language?

A

an open, arbitrary, conventional system of signs of communication within a specific linguistic community

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2
Q

open

A
  • accepts new members-words or phrases coming in and going out
  • ex: blog
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3
Q

conventional

A
  • rule governed regardless of dialect

- ex: sentence structure

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4
Q

system

A

phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon

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5
Q

signs of communication

A

spoken word or written

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6
Q

within a specific linguistic community

A

listener is not communicated within speech community

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7
Q

lingustics

A

study of how language works

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8
Q

descriptive language

A
  • observe and describe language
  • what we will be studying
  • collections of generalizations
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9
Q

prescriptive language

A
  • one standard of language is put over the rest

- one perfect code

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10
Q

prescriptive language

A
  • one standard of language is put over the rest

- one perfect code

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11
Q

linguistic competence

A
  • ability to create words/sentences
  • ability to accept what belongs and what doesn’t (filter things out)
  • “hidden” part of language
  • what we don’t think about/unseen potential
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12
Q

grammar

A
  • how we put words and sentences together

- phonology, morphology, and syntax

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13
Q

Why study language?

A
  • makes us human

- reflects self-identity

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14
Q

retroflex

A

way you shape your tongue as you say a word

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15
Q

retroflex

A

way you shape your tongue as you say a word

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16
Q

linguistic performance

A
  • way one produces and comprehends a language

- observable realization of said potential

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17
Q

performance errors

A
  • simple mistake made while using language

- mispronunciation, stumbling

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18
Q

phonetics

A

sounds of a language

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19
Q

phonology

A
  • specific knowledge about distribution of speech sounds
  • “pt” in pterodactyl vs. captive
  • allows us to recognize sounds/words spoken by different speakers despite different pronunciations
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20
Q

morphology

A

facts about word formation

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21
Q

syntax

A
  • how words combine to form words or phrases

- helps to determine whether a sentence is grammatically correct

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22
Q

semantics

A

ability to understand the meaning of sentences

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23
Q

pragmatics

A

ability to use context in order to interpret a meaning

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24
Q

lexicon

A
  • collection of all the words that you know; what functions they serve, what they refer to, pronunciation, and relation to other words
  • stored as mental grammar, no two people’s are alike
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25
Q

grammar

A

a language system; set of all elements of a language

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26
Q

rule

A

statement of pattern that occurs in language

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27
Q

language acquisition

A

how humans go about construction mental grammar

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28
Q

writing

A
  • representation of language in a physical medium different from sound
  • all units are based on units of speech
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29
Q

speech is more basic than writing

A
  • must be taught
  • doesn’t exist everywhere
  • can be edited
  • neurolinguistic evidence
  • archeological evidence
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30
Q

mental grammar

A

what the linguistic is actually trying to understand

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31
Q

descriptive grammar

A

linguistic’s description of the rules of a spoken language

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32
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

socially embedded notion of the “correct”/”proper” ways to use language

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33
Q

design features

A

Hockett’s descriptive characteristics of what a language is

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34
Q

mode of communication

A
  • the means by which messages are transmitted and received

- ex: voices and hand gestures

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35
Q

semanticity

A

property requiring that all signals in a communication system have meaning or function

36
Q

pragmatic function

A
  • serve a useful purpose

- influences behavior or to gain information

37
Q

interchangeability

A

ability of individuals to both transmit and receive messages

38
Q

cultural transmission

A

aspects of language that can only be acquired only through interaction with other speakers

39
Q

linguistic sign

A

combination of a form and a meaning

40
Q

arbitrary

A
  • meaning is not in any way predictable from the form, nor is the form dictated by the meaning
  • without there would be no synonyms
  • new words are created everyday
41
Q

onomatopoeia

A

words that imitative of natural sounds/meanings are associated with the sound of the word

42
Q

sound symbolism

A
  • certain sounds occur in words no any virtue o being directly imitative of some sound by rather simply by being evocative or a particular meaning
  • being non-arbitrary
  • tEENy, petIte, and wEE=smallness
43
Q

discreetness

A
  • ability to combine together discrete units in order to create larger units
  • every language has a limited amount of sounds (around 10-100) (english has 50)
  • sounds are meaningless by themselves
44
Q

displacement

A
  • ability of a language to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that are not present in space or time while speakers are communicating
  • ex fictional things
45
Q

productivity

A

-language’s capacity for novel messages to be built up out of discrete units

46
Q

three ways that phonetics is defined

A
  • state of glottis
  • place of articulation
  • manner of articulation
47
Q

places of articulation

A
  • bilabial
  • labiodental
  • interdental
  • alveolar
  • alveolar-palatal
  • palatal
  • velar
  • glottal
48
Q

manner of articulation

A
  • stop
  • fricative
  • affricate
  • nasal
  • lateral approximant
  • retroflex approximant
  • glide
49
Q

state of glottis

A
  • voiceless

- voiced

50
Q

bilabial

A
  • uses both lips
  • constriction at lips
  • “p” “b” “m” “w^3” “w̥”
  • “pat”, “mat”
51
Q

labiodental

A
  • lip and teeth
  • lower lip against the upper front teeth
  • “f” “v”
  • “fat”, “vat”
52
Q

interdental

A
  • made with tip of tongue protruding between front teeth
  • “θ” “ð”
  • “THigh”, “THy”
53
Q

alveolar

A
  • tongue tip at/or near the hard pallet closet to teeth
  • constriction behind teeth
  • “t” “d” “s” “z” “n” “l” “ɾ” “ɹ”
  • “dab”, “loose”
54
Q

post-alveolar

A
  • made farther back than alveolar-hard pallet
  • “ʃ” “ʒ” “ʧ” “ʤ”
  • “leaSH”, “meaSure”
55
Q

palatal

A
  • body of the tongue near center of the hard palate
  • “j”
  • “Yes”
56
Q

velar

A
  • produced at the soft palate; back part of the tongue is raised at soft palate
  • “k” “g” “ŋ”
  • “Kill”, “siNG”
57
Q

glottal

A
  • when air is constricted at the larynx, absolute back, puking sound
  • “h” “ʔ”
  • “High”, “coTTon”, “uh-oh”
58
Q

stop

A
  • obstructs the air stream completely in the oral cavity

- “p” “b” “t” “d” “k” “g” “ʔ”

59
Q

fricative

A
  • forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract
  • not a sound you would sing, uses teeth and lips
  • “f” “v” “s” “z” “h” “ʃ” “ʒ” “θ” “ð”
60
Q

affricate

A
  • begins with a stop
  • releases a fricative
  • “ʧ” “ʤ”
  • “ch-uh”, “CHurCH”
61
Q

tap (flap)

A
  • flick of tongue on roof of mouth; much faster than a stop
  • “ɾ”
  • “waTER”
62
Q

nasal

A
  • air is coming out of nose, no stop
  • “m” “n” “ŋ”
  • “mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm”
63
Q

lateral liquid

A
  • more construction
  • “l”
  • “Leaf”
64
Q

retroflex liquid

A
  • curling tip of tongue behind the alveolar
  • “ɹ”
  • “red”
65
Q

glide

A
  • slight closure of articulators and have some movement of particulars during production
  • most vowel like, depends on syllable structure
  • “w^3” “w̥” “j”
  • “woo”
66
Q

voiceless

A
  • no vocal cords movement

- “p” “w̥” “f” “θ” “t” “s” “ʃ” “ʧ” “k” “ʔ” “h”

67
Q

voiced

A
  • use of vocal cords

- “b” “m” “w^3” “v” “ð” “d” “z” “ɾ” “n” “l” “ɹ” “ʒ” “ʤ” “j” “g” “ŋ”

68
Q

p

A

bilabial, stop, voiceless

69
Q

w̥

A

bilabial, glide, voiceless

70
Q

b

A

bilabial, stop, voiced

71
Q

m

A

bilabial, nasal, voiced

72
Q

w^3

A

bilabial, glide, voiced

73
Q

f

A

labiodental, fricative, voiceless

74
Q

v

A

labiodental, fricative, voiced

75
Q

θ

A

interdental, fricative, voiceless

76
Q

ð

A

interdental, fricative, voiced

77
Q

t

A

alveolar, stop, voiceless

78
Q

s

A

alveolar, fricative, voiceless

79
Q

d

A

alveolar, stop, voiced

80
Q

z

A

alveolar, fricative, voiced

81
Q

ɾ

A

alveolar, flap, voiced

82
Q

n

A

alveolar, nasal, voiced

83
Q

l

A

alveolar, lateral liquid, voiced

84
Q

ɹ

A

alveolar, retroflex liquid, voiced

85
Q

ʃ

A

post-alveolar, affricate, voiceless

Language Awareness (2 decks)

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