Quiz 1 Flashcards
Humors
Blood
Phelgm
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Diseases
Has a cellular basis
all diseases are due from cell injury
Changes in:
Arrangement
Structure
Products of cells
Lethal vs Sublethal
Proliferation
Lethal - cell death, necrosis
Sublethal - altered function w/o necrosis. Cell degeneration (reversible)
Proliferation - increase in cell size or number
Cellular Injury
Interference with:
- Membrane function (Nucleus)
- energy production (Mitochondria)
- protein synthesis (Endoplasmic reticulum)
- lysosomal changes (Dissolves food, invaders)
- operation of genome
Types of degenerations
(reversible)
- Cloudy Swelling - defective sodium pump
- Hydropic degeneration - intracellular swelling
- Fatty Degeneration - Steatosis, fat accumulation
- Hyaline Degeneration - Hyalinosis, Degeneration of the cytoplasm (glassy appearence)
- Mucoid Degeneration - Accumulation of mucus
- Amyloid Degeneration - Deposition of abnormal proteins in the cell
Cellular Morphology of Necrosis
Pyknosis
Karyolysis
Karyorrhexis
Nucleus shrinks
Nucleus dissolves
Nucleus breaks into fragments
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulation necrosis - Cytoplasm thickens, protein degeneration (caused by Ischemia-lack of blood supply to tissues)
- Liquefaction necrosis - Pus due to dead WBC (caused by bacterial infection)
- Caseous necrosis - liquifaction + Coagulation. Cheesy. (caused by fungal & mycobacterial infection)
- Fat necrosis - injury to fat in pancreatitis causing it to release enzymes that damages the fat. The fatty acid is then converted into soap w/ C, Mg, Na interaction. (chalky white)
- Gangrenous necrosis - caused by hypoxia and secondary bacterial infection
- Ischemia
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Agenesis
- Aplasia
- Hypoplasia
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
- Shortage of oxygen due to insufficient blood
- Increase in cell size
- Increase in cell numbers, overgrowth
- Lack of organ development
- Incomplete organ development
- Deficient, under growth
- Shrinking of developed cells
- Changes into different type of cell
- Abnormal cell size, shape, architecture, appearence
- Disordered growth of cells (cancer)
Labile Cells
Stable Cells
Permanent cells
Divides frequently (Bone marrow, skin)
Divides when needed/induced (Kidney, Liver)
Do not divide (Muscles, Neurons)
Inflammation
- Innate immune system
- Local reactions to injury
- Removes injurious agent
- Healing the injury site
Involves:
Blood vessels
Blood
Connective Tissue
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolar
Functio Laesa
Redness
Heat (hot)
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Inflammation Descriptive
Severity of Lesions
Mild
Moderate
Marked (severe)
Location of Lesions
Focal - single foci
Multifocal - multiple foci
Locally extenstive - all the tissue is affected on a particular zone
Diffuse - entire organ or tissue is affected
Duration of Lesions
Peracute - Occurs quickly
Acute - Classical signs, inital change following insult
Subacute - Regressing signs
Chronic - Persistent stimulus
Acute Inflammation
- Vasodilation
- Swelling due to fluid accumulation
- Increase Vascular permability (Edema)
- WBC infiltration
- Increase Leukocytosis
- Decrease Leukopenia
Pyrexia (Fever) - Cytokines/Prostaglandins
Catarrhal - Mucus
Exudate - Fluid caught in inflamed tissues
Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent
- Swelling due to cellular infiltration
- mononuclear cells (Monocyte/Lymphocytes)
Healing
- Fibrins fill wound
- Forms clot/scab
- Neutrophils responds
- Macropages move in
- Angiogensis - grows vascular tissue
- Fibroblast proliferation - Deposit collagen
- Epithelial regeneration
Heart
deoxy blood in vena cava enters:
Rt. Atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Rt. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs
Oxy. blood from lungs:
Pulmonary Veins -> Lt. Atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> Lt. Ventricle -> Aorta -> rest of body
SA Node vs AV Node
SA Node
Sinoatrial Node aka Pacemaker
Electrical stimulus (Not generated from the brain)
Causes Atria to contract
AV Node
Atrioventricular Node
Slows electrical stimulus
Prevents rapid Atrial rhythms
Granulocyte
Neutrophils
- Most abundant
- 1st responder
- phagoytize bacterias
- Neutrophillia/Neutropenia
Eosinophils
- Orangeish
- Responds to parasites/Allergies
- Eosinophillia/Eosinopenia
Basophils
- rarely seen
- contains histamine
- For acute allergy
- Basophillia
Agranulocyte
Lymphocyte
- B cell (Produce antibodies)
- T Cells (Recognizes antigens & attacks)
- Lymphocytosis/Lymphopenia
Monocyte
- Largest
- Ingest microbes/cellular debris
- Macrophage once in tissue
- Monocytosis
Platelets
Thrombocytes
- Formed in bone marrow (Megakaryocyte)
- Clotting factor
- Thrombocytosis/Thrombopenia
- Thromboapathy (Abnormal functions of platelets)
Active vs Passive process of Blood flow alterations
Active Process
- Hyperemia
- Arterioles fill with blood
- Arteriolar dilation
- Increase B.P & heart rate
Passive Process
- Congestion
- Venules fill with blood cuz of decreased ouput
- Vessel blockage
- Congestive heart failure
Hemorrhage
Epistaxis
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Melena
Hematochezia
Hematuria
Hemothorax
Hemopericardium
Hemoperitoneum
Epistaxis - Nosebleed
Hemoptysis - coughing blood
Hematemesis - vomiting blood
Melena - digested blood in Stool (Upper GI)
Hematochezia - Undigested blood in stool (Lower GI)
Hematuria - blood in urine
Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity
Hemopericardium - blood in sac around heart
Hemoperitoneum - blood in Peritoneal cavity
Petechiae
Ecchymoses
Hematoma
Purpura
Infarction
Edema
Tiny Foci
Small multiple regions
pooling of blood
Larger form of Ecchymoses
Loss of blood flow from embolism
Excess fluid in interstitial space
Dehydration Guidelines
5% - undetectable
5-6% - doughy skin, tacky mm
6-8% - Sunken eyes, dry gums
10-12% - Emergency, no skin elasticity, very sunken eyes
12-15% - Near death, increase H.R., low B.P. = circ.shock, Hypothermia
