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Patho/Phys > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Humors

A

Blood

Phelgm

Yellow Bile

Black Bile

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2
Q

Diseases

A

Has a cellular basis

all diseases are due from cell injury

Changes in:

Arrangement

Structure

Products of cells

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3
Q

Lethal vs Sublethal

Proliferation

A

Lethal - cell death, necrosis

Sublethal - altered function w/o necrosis. Cell degeneration (reversible)

Proliferation - increase in cell size or number

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4
Q

Cellular Injury

A

Interference with:

  • Membrane function (Nucleus)
  • energy production (Mitochondria)
  • protein synthesis (Endoplasmic reticulum)
  • lysosomal changes (Dissolves food, invaders)
  • operation of genome
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5
Q

Types of degenerations

(reversible)

A
  • Cloudy Swelling - defective sodium pump
  • Hydropic degeneration - intracellular swelling
  • Fatty Degeneration - Steatosis, fat accumulation
  • Hyaline Degeneration - Hyalinosis, Degeneration of the cytoplasm (glassy appearence)
  • Mucoid Degeneration - Accumulation of mucus
  • Amyloid Degeneration - Deposition of abnormal proteins in the cell
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6
Q

Cellular Morphology of Necrosis

Pyknosis

Karyolysis

Karyorrhexis

A

Nucleus shrinks

Nucleus dissolves

Nucleus breaks into fragments

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7
Q

Types of Necrosis

A
  • Coagulation necrosis - Cytoplasm thickens, protein degeneration (caused by Ischemia-lack of blood supply to tissues)
  • Liquefaction necrosis - Pus due to dead WBC (caused by bacterial infection)
  • Caseous necrosis - liquifaction + Coagulation. Cheesy. (caused by fungal & mycobacterial infection)
  • Fat necrosis - injury to fat in pancreatitis causing it to release enzymes that damages the fat. The fatty acid is then converted into soap w/ C, Mg, Na interaction. (chalky white)
  • Gangrenous necrosis - caused by hypoxia and secondary bacterial infection
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8
Q
  1. Ischemia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Agenesis
  5. Aplasia
  6. Hypoplasia
  7. Atrophy
  8. Metaplasia
  9. Dysplasia
  10. Neoplasia
A
  1. Shortage of oxygen due to insufficient blood
  2. Increase in cell size
  3. Increase in cell numbers, overgrowth
  4. Lack of organ development
  5. Incomplete organ development
  6. Deficient, under growth
  7. Shrinking of developed cells
  8. Changes into different type of cell
  9. Abnormal cell size, shape, architecture, appearence
  10. Disordered growth of cells (cancer)
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9
Q

Labile Cells

Stable Cells

Permanent cells

A

Divides frequently (Bone marrow, skin)

Divides when needed/induced (Kidney, Liver)

Do not divide (Muscles, Neurons)

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10
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Innate immune system
  • Local reactions to injury
  • Removes injurious agent
  • Healing the injury site

Involves:

Blood vessels

Blood

Connective Tissue

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11
Q

Rubor

Calor

Tumor

Dolar

Functio Laesa

A

Redness

Heat (hot)

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

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12
Q

Inflammation Descriptive

A

Severity of Lesions

Mild

Moderate

Marked (severe)

Location of Lesions

Focal - single foci

Multifocal - multiple foci

Locally extenstive - all the tissue is affected on a particular zone

Diffuse - entire organ or tissue is affected

Duration of Lesions

Peracute - Occurs quickly

Acute - Classical signs, inital change following insult

Subacute - Regressing signs

Chronic - Persistent stimulus

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13
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Swelling due to fluid accumulation
  • Increase Vascular permability (Edema)
  • WBC infiltration
  • Increase Leukocytosis
  • Decrease Leukopenia

Pyrexia (Fever) - Cytokines/Prostaglandins

Catarrhal - Mucus

Exudate - Fluid caught in inflamed tissues

Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

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14
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A
  • Persistent
  • Swelling due to cellular infiltration
  • mononuclear cells (Monocyte/Lymphocytes)
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15
Q

Healing

A
  1. Fibrins fill wound
  2. Forms clot/scab
  3. Neutrophils responds
  4. Macropages move in
  5. Angiogensis - grows vascular tissue
  6. Fibroblast proliferation - Deposit collagen
  7. Epithelial regeneration
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16
Q

Heart

A

deoxy blood in vena cava enters:

Rt. Atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Rt. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs

Oxy. blood from lungs:

Pulmonary Veins -> Lt. Atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> Lt. Ventricle -> Aorta -> rest of body

17
Q

SA Node vs AV Node

A

SA Node

Sinoatrial Node aka Pacemaker

Electrical stimulus (Not generated from the brain)

Causes Atria to contract

AV Node

Atrioventricular Node

Slows electrical stimulus

Prevents rapid Atrial rhythms

18
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophils

  • Most abundant
  • 1st responder
  • phagoytize bacterias
  • Neutrophillia/Neutropenia

Eosinophils

  • Orangeish
  • Responds to parasites/Allergies
  • Eosinophillia/Eosinopenia

Basophils

  • rarely seen
  • contains histamine
  • For acute allergy
  • Basophillia
19
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Lymphocyte

  • B cell (Produce antibodies)
  • T Cells (Recognizes antigens & attacks)
  • Lymphocytosis/Lymphopenia

Monocyte

  • Largest
  • Ingest microbes/cellular debris
  • Macrophage once in tissue
  • Monocytosis
20
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

  • Formed in bone marrow (Megakaryocyte)
  • Clotting factor
  • Thrombocytosis/Thrombopenia
  • Thromboapathy (Abnormal functions of platelets)
21
Q

Active vs Passive process of Blood flow alterations

A

Active Process

  • Hyperemia
  • Arterioles fill with blood
  • Arteriolar dilation
  • Increase B.P & heart rate

Passive Process

  • Congestion
  • Venules fill with blood cuz of decreased ouput
  • Vessel blockage
  • Congestive heart failure
22
Q

Hemorrhage

Epistaxis

Hemoptysis

Hematemesis

Melena

Hematochezia

Hematuria

Hemothorax

Hemopericardium

Hemoperitoneum

A

Epistaxis - Nosebleed

Hemoptysis - coughing blood

Hematemesis - vomiting blood

Melena - digested blood in Stool (Upper GI)

Hematochezia - Undigested blood in stool (Lower GI)

Hematuria - blood in urine

Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity

Hemopericardium - blood in sac around heart

Hemoperitoneum - blood in Peritoneal cavity

23
Q

Petechiae

Ecchymoses

Hematoma

Purpura

Infarction

Edema

A

Tiny Foci

Small multiple regions

pooling of blood

Larger form of Ecchymoses

Loss of blood flow from embolism

Excess fluid in interstitial space

24
Q

Dehydration Guidelines

A

5% - undetectable

5-6% - doughy skin, tacky mm

6-8% - Sunken eyes, dry gums

10-12% - Emergency, no skin elasticity, very sunken eyes

12-15% - Near death, increase H.R., low B.P. = circ.shock, Hypothermia

25
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Excessive loss of Na

Water intoxication

Na is cells > Na in blood = cell swelling from water entering the cell. (Serious in brain)

26
Q

Nucleus shrinks

Nucleus dissolves

Nucleus breaks into fragments

A

Cellular Morphology of Necrosis

Pyknosis

Karyolysis

Karyorrhexis

27
Q

Heart

A

deoxy blood in vena cava enters:

Rt. Atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Rt. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs

Oxy. blood from lungs:

Pulmonary Veins -> Lt. Atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> Lt. Ventricle -> Aorta -> rest of body

28
Q

SA Node vs AV Node

A

SA Node

Sinoatrial Node aka Pacemaker

Electrical stimulus (Not generated from the brain)

Causes Atria to contract

AV Node

Atrioventricular Node

Slows electrical stimulus

Prevents rapid Atrial rhythms

29
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophils

  • Most abundant
  • 1st responder
  • phagoytize bacterias
  • Neutrophillia/Neutropenia

Eosinophils

  • Orangeish
  • Responds to parasites/Allergies
  • Eosinophillia/Eosinopenia

Basophils

  • rarely seen
  • contains histamine
  • For acute allergy
  • Basophillia
30
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Lymphocyte

  • B cell (Produce antibodies)
  • T Cells (Recognizes antigens & attacks)
  • Lymphocytosis/Lymphopenia

Monocyte

  • Largest
  • Ingest microbes/cellular debris
  • Macrophage once in tissue
  • Monocytosis
31
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

  • Formed in bone marrow (Megakaryocyte)
  • Clotting factor
  • Thrombocytosis/Thrombopenia
  • Thromboapathy (Abnormal functions of platelets)
32
Q

Active vs Passive process of Blood flow alterations

A

Active Process

  • Hyperemia
  • Arterioles fill with blood
  • Arteriolar dilation
  • Increase B.P & heart rate

Passive Process

  • Congestion
  • Venules fill with blood cuz of decreased ouput
  • Vessel blockage
  • Congestive heart failure
33
Q

Hemorrhage

Epistaxis

Hemoptysis

Hematemesis

Melena

Hematochezia

Hematuria

Hemothorax

Hemopericardium

Hemoperitoneum

A

Epistaxis - Nosebleed

Hemoptysis - coughing blood

Hematemesis - vomiting blood

Melena - digested blood in Stool (Upper GI)

Hematochezia - Undigested blood in stool (Lower GI)

Hematuria - blood in urine

Hemothorax - blood in chest cavity

Hemopericardium - blood in sac around heart

Hemoperitoneum - blood in Peritoneal cavity

34
Q

Petechiae

Ecchymoses

Hematoma

Purpura

Infarction

Edema

A

Tiny Foci

Small multiple regions

pooling of blood

Larger form of Ecchymoses

Loss of blood flow from embolism

Excess fluid in interstitial space

35
Q

Dehydration Guidelines

A

5% - undetectable

5-6% - doughy skin, tacky mm

6-8% - Sunken eyes, dry gums

10-12% - Emergency, no skin elasticity, very sunken eyes

12-15% - Near death, increase H.R., low B.P. = circ.shock, Hypothermia

36
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Excessive loss of Na

Water intoxication

Na is cells > Na in blood = cell swelling from water entering the cell. (Serious in brain)

37
Q

Nucleus shrinks

Nucleus dissolves

Nucleus breaks into fragments

A

Cellular Morphology of Necrosis

Pyknosis

Karyolysis

Karyorrhexis

Patho/Phys (1 decks)

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