Quiz 1 Flashcards
“ORGANIC”
- Any compound that contains C & H
- May contain other elements (F, O, N, Cl, Br, I, S, C, H, P)
- Structural diversity due to catenation of carbon (formation of large chains)
- Contains mostly non-polar covalent bonds
- Usually low melting/boiling pt., flammable, insoluble in water
catenation of carbon
(formation of large chains)
“BIOCHEM”
Compounds & reactions within living things
Types of organic compounds:
o carbohydrates o lipids o proteins o hormones o neurotransmitters o DNA
Inorganic and/or organometallic
o Na+, K+, F-, Cl-
o Heme (contains Fe)
o Vitamin B12 (contains Co)
chemical name
“common name”- historical basis
systematic IUPAC name- (describes chemical structure)
simple molecular formula
C8H9NO2
• gives ID and number of atoms in a single molecules
• actual connection & arrangement of atoms is not given
-molecular weight
full structural formula
• shows all bonds
• time consuming to draw
• note bond angles (~120 for everything)
• solid wedge: bond projects out of the board/paper
• dashed wedge: bond projects into the board/paper
-predict reaction
condensed structural formula
- bonds to H not shown
- H just place around others to satisfy octet
- total number of bonds per atom
- slightly less time consuming to draw; but all atoms still shown
- 90˚ bond angles sometimes drawn (easier to draw but inaccurate!)
line-angle structure
• fastest & most common way to draw structures • H atoms on C not drawn -C not written • end or point = C atom • 1 line = covalent bond
C
(4 bonds, 0 LP)
tetrahedral= 110 angle (4)
trigonal planar= 120 angle (3)
Linear= 180 angle (2)
H
1 bond, 0 LP
Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I ( 1 bond, 3 LPs)
N
3 bonds, 1 LP
O
2 bonds, 2 LP
HYDROCARBONS-
saturated
- single bonds only
- “alkanes”
HYDROCARBONS-unsaturated (2)
C = C “alkene” ethylene C2H4 H2C – CH2
HYDROCARBONS-unsaturated (3)
C ≡ C “alkyne” acetylene C2H2 CH ≡ CH
HYDROCARBONS-unsaturated (ring)
closed ring
“cycloalkane/alkene
cyclohexane
C6H12
“saturated” ≡
“saturated” ≡ “max. # of H per C atom” ≡ “single bonds only”
n-ALKANES
- contain only C – C and C – H (single bonds)
- C atoms arranged in a straight chain
- general molecular formula: CnH2n+2
- names: [prefix]”ane”
C1
methane
CH4
CH4
C2
ethane
C2H6
CH3 – CH3
C3
propane
C3H8
CH3 – CH2 – CH3
C4
butane
C4H10
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
C5
pentane
C5H12
CH3 – ( CH2 )3 – CH3
C6
hexane
C6H14
CH3 – ( CH2 )4 – CH3
C7
heptane
C7H16
CH3 – ( CH2 )5 – CH3
C8
octane
C8H18 C
H3 – ( CH2 )6 – CH3
C9
nonane
C9H20
CH3 – ( CH2 )7 – CH3
C10
decane
C10H22
CH3 – ( CH2 )8 – CH3
Isomers
Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections of atoms
methyl
CH3
ethyl
CH2CH3
propyl
CH2 – CH2–CH3
isopropyl
CH3– CH–CH3
-on middle
butyl
CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
sec-butyl
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
-on second
tert-butyl
CH3
I
CH3 – C – CH3
I
halide substituents
F fluoro
Cl chloro
Br bromo
I iodo
NAMING AN ALKANE WITH ONE SUBSTITUENT:
Step 1. Identify longest carbon chain: write the name of that chain as an n-alkane
Step 2. Number each carbon starting from end closest to substituents
Step 3. Put the name together in the following general format:
[C number] – [substituent name][main alkane]
NAMING ALKANES WITH TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTITUENTS
Step 1. same as above
Step 2. number closest to MOST number of subs
**Step 3. substituent locations and names are listed in alphabetical order in the name
(dashes between numbers and letters)
ALKANES WITH A MULTIPLES OF A SUBSTITUENT:
ALKANES WITH A MULTIPLES OF A SUBSTITUENT:
Step 1. same as above
Step 2. number closest to MOST number of subs
**Step 3. Write a carbon number for EACH substituent
Put “di”, “tri”, “tetra”, or “penta” directly in front of substituent name (after the numbers)
