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D1 Pres/Res I > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main goals of operative dentistry?

A
  1. Diagnosis
  2. Prevention
  3. Treatment
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2
Q

What is the definition of tooth repair

A
  • The mechanical alteration of a defective, injured or diseased tooth such that the placement of restorative material re-establishes normal form and function, including esthetic corrections were indicated
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3
Q

Name and describe the types of tooth preparation

A
  • Conventional preparations
    • Precise procedures with specific depths, wall forms and marginal configurations
    • Amalgams, cast metal and ceramic restorations
  • Modified preparations
    • Less precise design requirements (simplified)
    • Composite resins – materials properties and bonding strengths
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4
Q

What are the TYPES of LESIONS in restorative dentistry

name and describe

A

1. Caries = infectious disease

2. Abrasion = pathogenic wearing

3. Erosion = chemical dissolution

4. Attrition = physiologic wear

5. Fracture = trauma

6. Developmental defects = during birth

7. Abfraction = combined cause

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5
Q

What are the factors that affect tooth preparation

A
  1. Diagnosis
    1. Pulpal and periodontal status will influence treatment options
    2. Occlusal evaluation
  2. Dental Anatomy
    1. A mental image of the tooth being prepared/restored must be visualized
    2. Internal anatomy (enamel, dentin, pulp) must be considered
  3. Patient Factors
    1. Medical status, economic status, age, esthetic concerns
  4. Conservation of tooth structure
    1. Minimize pulpal insult, preserve healthy tooth structure
  5. Restorative Material Considerations/factors
    1. Conventional vs. modified preparation
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6
Q

What are caries?

A
  • Infectious, microbiologic disease that results in localized dissolution or destruction or calcified tissues of the teeth
  • Episodic – demineralization and remineralization
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7
Q

What are primary caries

A
  • Original carious lesion of a tooth
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8
Q

What are secondary caries?

A
  • Occurs at the junction of a restoration and tooth…. Often progresses under the restoration
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9
Q

What are residual caries?

A

caries that remains in a completed preparation

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10
Q

What are incipient caries?

A

reversible, enamel surface is intact

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11
Q

What are cavitated caries?

A

irreversible, enamel surface is broken

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12
Q

What is nomenclature?

A
  • A set of terms used in communication among individuals in the same profession, which enables them to understand one another better
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13
Q

What is armamentarium?

A
  • A collection of resources available or utilized for an undertaking or field of activity; especially the equipment, methods, and pharmaceuticals used in medicine
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14
Q

What are hand instruments and their basic components?

A
  • Designed to cut intraorally
  • Left and right handed operators
  • Temperature abuse of instruments will ruin them
  • Basic elements of hand instruments:
    • Handle (shaft) – to hold
    • Blade – to cut
    • Shank – to connect handle to the blade
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15
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

5 Mouth Mirror

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16
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

6 Straight Explorer

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17
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

23 Shepherds Hook Explorer

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18
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

Amalgam Carrier

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19
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Crown and Bridge Scissors

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20
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Hemostat

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21
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and number

A

8/9 Hatchet

Used to plane proximal walls and gingival seats of class II cavity preparations

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22
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Marquette Pluggers

(Amalgam Condensers)

Used to pack or condense restorative material into a cavity preparation. The part equivalent to the blad is the nib. The end of the nib is the face

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23
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Ball burnisher / football burnisher

These are used to burnish restorative material (burnish is to smooth or polish by rubbing)

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24
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Acorn Burnisher

These are used to burnish restorative materials they may also be used in the carving process to aid in the development of anatomy

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25
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Dycal (base / liner)

Placement instrument

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26
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Cotton pliers

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27
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Amalgam Well

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28
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Articulating Paper Forcep

29
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

4/5 Cleoid Discoid

30
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Half Hollenback Carver

31
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Plastic Filling Instrument

(Composite resin placement instrument)

32
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Novatech Spatula and Blade

33
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name and Number

A

13/14 Mccall scaler

34
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Spoon excavator

Used to remove carious dentin

35
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Cooley Pic

36
Q

What is the following instrument?

Name

A

Gingival Cord Packer *

37
Q

Explain the difference between Air and Electric Rotary Instruments

As well as discuss lasers

A
    • Electric
      • 200,000 RPM max
      • Increase torque (relative)
        • Little or no slowing as load is increased
      • Negative = heating of tooth
  • Air Driven
    • 400,000 RPM
    • Decreased torque (relative)
      • May slow and or stop if load is increased
  • Laser
    • Issues:
      • efficiency and cost
      • preparation design and margins
      • debris removal
38
Q

Which term do you avoid in dentistry?

A

Drills

Always call them dental handpieces

39
Q

What are the two types of hand pieces?

A

High speed = one component device

Slow speed = two+ component device

40
Q

Describe the slow seep handpiece

A
  • Vibrates more than high speed
  • Better tactile sensation than high speed
  • lower RPM
  • high torque
  • straight vs. contra-angle
  • Latch grip head vs friction grip head
  • typical uses:
  • Finishing and polishing restorations/teeth
  • prophylaxis
  • caries excavations close to pulp - removing demineralized dentin
  • Laboratory procedures
41
Q

Explain the types of slow speed handpieces

A

Straight

  • Extraoral, surgical uses, lab work
    • the long axis of the bur is in the same as the long axis of the handpiece

Contra-angle

  • Intraoral
    • Head angles away and the backward from the long axis of the handle
42
Q

Explain the types of heads for the slow speed

A

Latch head

friction grip head

43
Q

What is the purpose for the latch grip handpiece part?

A
  • Mechanical interlock between retainer and groove
    • allows for a small amount of “wobble”
  • Slow speed handpiece applications
    • slow to medium speeds
    • finishing procedures
44
Q

Explain the purpose of the friction grip handpiece part

A
  • Developed for use with high-speed handpieces, but we can be used in both high and slow seep handpieces
  • simple cylinders
  • designed generally allows for shorter length burs (compared to latch type)
45
Q

Explain the proper way for setting up your slow speed instrument

A
46
Q

Explain the importance of instrument grasps

A
  1. I mportant to have control of instrument
    1. Safety of patient
    2. Prevent overcutting
  2. Important for brace the hand holding the instrument
    1. no “free-floating” allowed
    2. Rests and fulcrums
47
Q

Explain the types of rotary instrument grips

A
  1. Palm grip
    1. curved bingers around the shaft of the instrument
    2. stabilize with thumb
  2. Pen Grip
    1. Provides greatest delicacy of touch
    2. instrument between thumb and index
    3. Middle finger engages the shaft
    4. stabilize achieved using ring finger fulcrum
    5. most frequently used instrument grasp
  3. Modified (inverted) pen grip
    1. Involves same finger positioning as pen grasp
    2. Hand is rotated so the palm is facing toward operator
48
Q

Explain the details of the high-speed handpiece

A
  • >200K - 500K rpm
  • Increased cutting efficiency
  • Decreased vibration
  • Fiber optic lighting
  • Water spray provides cooling, cleaning, and improved visibility
  • Uses
    • Cutting enamel and dentin
    • Removes old restorations
  • Technique: use a light brushing touch with water spray to reduce thermal insult to tooth
49
Q

Why is it preferred to use a high speed vs low speed in most cases?

A
  • Not as efficient
  • Not comfortable for patient or operator
  • Forces the operator to use a heavy hand
  • Excessive vibration generated
50
Q

Explain the structure of Burs “drill bits”

A

Consist of three parts:

  1. Shank - fits into the handpiece, can be latched or friction grip
  2. Neck - connects shank to head, tapered for visibility of head while working
  3. Head - working part of the instrument containing the cutting blades or abrasive particles
51
Q

What are the two main types of tooth cutting burs used today and how do they cut?

A
  1. Carbide - blade cutting
    1. Better for end cutting, produce lower heat and have more blade edges for cutting = smoother
    2. Sheer off or cause brittle fracture of tooth structures
      1. blade edges fracture off pieces of the surface being cut
  2. Diamond - abrasive cutting
    1. More effective than carbide for intracoronal and extracoronal tooth preparations, beveling enamel margins, and enamelplasty
    2. Abrade away tooth structure
      1. Hard particles repeatedly scratch the surface deforming it “working hardening” or weakening it, and finally wearing it away
52
Q

What is the term used to describe amount of structure removed per unit time?

A

effectiveness

53
Q

What is the term used to describe the amount of energy utilized in cutting, not wasted as heat or vibration

A

Efficiency

  • increased with higher speeds, lighter pressure and air/water spray
  • decreased with heavy pressure and dull burs
54
Q

What is the term used to describe bur symmetry of head and preciseness of spine

A

concentricity

55
Q

How do you describe Run Out

A

center of rotation of bur head is not symmetrical

  • Caused by bur head that is off center, bent bur neck/shank or defective handpiece
  • Produces vibration and lack of cutting control
56
Q

Explain carbide (tongsten carbide) burs

A

made of tungsten carbide powder and pressure molded under heat and vacuum

= sintering

57
Q

Explain the “anatomy” of the Bur Head

A
58
Q

Name and describe the use of the 5 types of bur head shapes found in your kit

A

Round - initial entry into tooth, extension of preparation, preparation retentive feature, and caries removal

Inverted Cone - placing retentive undercuts in preparations, flattening floors

Pear-shaped - good for amalgam and composite preparations, versatile

Straight fissure -

Tapered fissure -

59
Q

What are the faces of the bladed bur design?

name and describe

A

Two sides:

- Rake face (toward direction of cutting)

- Clearance face (facing away from direction of cutting)

60
Q

What are the three important angles in bladed bur design?

A

- Rake angle - midline to rake face

  • MOST IMPORTANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTIC
  • Negative rake angles allow the cutting edge to sweep across surfaces without “digging in” minimizing fracture of the bur (increased life of the instrument)
  • Said to be “negative” when the rake face is ahead of the radius from the cutting edge to the axis of the bur

- Edge angle - angle between cutting blades

  • larger edge angles provide more bulk behind the cutting edge minimizing fracture of bur, usually 90 deg on carbide burs

- clearance angle - angle from edge to horizontal surface

  • Increased clearance angle causes a decreased edge angle. Increased clearance angle decreases friction on tooth and facilitates cleaning away of tooth debris
61
Q

What is the space between blades that remove debris?

A

Flutes

62
Q

what are the variations in the blade design from one type of head on a bur?

A

All head types can be associated with many different blade designs.

  • Variations include things such as # of flutes, spiral vs. axial blades, continuous vs. cross-cut blades
63
Q

What type of carbide bur design increases cutting efficiency at high speeds?

A

spiral blades

64
Q

What type of carbide bur design increases cutting efficiency and increases surface roughness at lower speeds?

A

Cross-cut blades

65
Q

How does the number of blades on a carbide bur influence cutting?

A

larger blade number produces smoother surfaces at low speeds

66
Q

How does the flutes on a carbide bur influence cutting?

A

increase cutting efficiency by removing debris

67
Q

Explain what additional features are on diamond burs besides shank, head and neck

A
  1. A metal “blank”
  2. The powdered diamond abrasive
  3. A metallic bonding agent that holds the power onto the blank
68
Q

Explain the features/benefits of diamond burs

A
  • Abrasive cutting mechanism
  • Longer lasting burs than carbides
  • More efficient overall for cutting tooth structure
  • Cutting effectiveness and applications are determined by size and spacing of diamond particles
69
Q
A

D1 Pres/Res I (2 decks)

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