Quiz #1

Question 1

A seven-step process of research that is done by sociologists

Answer 1

research method

Question 2

a prediction about the outcome of manipulated variables

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of a study; Operationally define “the meaning” of variables

Answer 3

operational definition

Question 4

a list of closed-ended questions (usually in the form of a survey) which the respondents are asked to fill out

Answer 4

questionnaire research

Question 5

occurs when a subject’s behavior changes when they are being observed or evaluated. The subject may be afraid to answer the questions honestly in fear of retaliation from those who are giving the survey

Answer 5

hawthorne effect

Question 6

a form of research conversation in which a specific list of questions are asked of the respondent

Answer 6

personal interview

Question 7

in this method, the researcher observes their subjects at a distance without revealing their identity or intentions

Answer 7

naturalistic observation

Question 8

in this situation, the researcher becomes personally involved in the activities of their subject

Answer 8

participant observation

Question 9

information in some form that needs statistical interpretation

Answer 9

data

Question 10

the researcher must make sure that their operational definitions measure what they were intended to measure, the data has to be valid

Answer 10

validity

Question 11

the process of ensuring that research findings are consistent if they are to be replicated by other scientists

Answer 11

reliability

Question 12

the process of interpreting gathered data; usually through statistical measurements

Answer 12

analysis

Question 13

the process of data collection that examines information that has been collected by someone else

Answer 13

secondary analysis

Question 14

the average number in a given set of data

Answer 14

mean

Question 15

a characteristic that can change across time, across space, or from one individual or group to another

Answer 15

variable

Question 16

occurs when one variable influences the outcome of a second variable

Answer 16

causation

Question 17

this is the variable that is manipulated by researchers to determine its influence on the outcome of the second set of variables

Answer 17

independent variable

Question 18

this is the outcome of manipulated variables, which is then measured by researchers to determine its overall significance

Answer 18

dependent variable

Question 19

a statement about the recurrent relationships between particular variables. It is often accurate, but not specific to whom it applies to

Answer 19

generalization

Question 20

argues that generalization will hold good only under specific conditions, because if circumstances change, other variables might come into play and influence the existing relationship

Answer 20

probability

Question 21

the established statistical relationships between particular variables

Answer 21

correlations

Question 22

this occurs when one variable increases, and a second variable decreases

Answer 22

negative correlation

Question 23

this occurs when both variables appear to be statistically related, but not logically acceptable

Answer 23

spurious correlation

Question 24

organizing variables to ensure that the cause happens before the effect

Answer 24

temporal priority

Question 25

this method is designed to ensure that each subject has an equal chance of being selected into a research study. example=lottery

Answer 25

random sample

Question 26

this is the process of scientific analysis in which independent variables are introduced to determine their effect on other variables

Answer 26

experiment

Question 27

research based solely on scientific observation and evaluation

Answer 27

empirical analysis

Question 28

the process of reducing general research data into numbers; a general statement of a data

Answer 28

quantitative analysis

Question 29

the process of gathering more specific and detailed information from the sample being studied; specific and detailed questions

Answer 29

qualitative analysis

Question 30

research conducted over an extended period of time; has follow-up research

Answer 30

longitudinal study