Quiz 1

Question 1

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to ___.

Answer 1

Low blood calcium

Question 2

Effects: PTH

Answer 2

Stimulates osteoclastic activity (indirectly)
Inc. renal absorption of calcium
Inc. renal excretion of phosphate
Inc. intestinal absorption of phosphate
Inc. renal activation of Vit. D –> Inc. intestinal absorption of calcium

Question 3

Vitamin D supplementation reduces secretion of what hormone?

Answer 3

PTH

Question 4

Elevated PTH is associated with what side effects?

Answer 4

weight gain, insulin resistance

Question 5

Regular alcohol consumption is associated with decreased secretion of what hormone?

Answer 5

PTH

Question 6

Calcitonin is released in response to ___.

Answer 6

Elevated blood calcium

Elevated blood gastrin

Question 7

Effects: Calcitonin

Answer 7

Inc. osteoblastic activity
Inc. renal excretion of calcium
Inc. renal absorption of phosphate

Question 8

Coffee decreases absorption of what 2 nutrients?

Answer 8

Magnesium

Calcium

Question 9

Calcitonin is used as a treatment in ___(2) bc it decreases ___.

Answer 9

Paget’s disease, osteoporosis

Bone pain

Question 10

Calcitonin mb used as a diagnostic marker in what type of cancer?

Answer 10

Medullary thyroid cancer

Question 11

How does the appearance of bones change on X-ray after administration of bisphosphonates?

Answer 11

Banding appearance

Question 12

How do androgens affect bone growth vs. estrogens?

Answer 12

Androgens - radial growth

Estrogens - longitudinal growth

Question 13

Effect on bone growth: Hypo- vs. Hyperthyroidism

Answer 13

Hypo: impaired bone formation and growth
Hyper: accelerated growth, advanced bone age, dec. bone mass

Question 14

What is the main source of Vitamin K in the body?

Answer 14

Production via bacteria

Question 15

What is the effect of Vitamin D on Calcium?

Answer 15

Inc. intestinal absorption

Question 16

DEXA scan: T-score vs. Z-score

Answer 16

T-score - comparison to average 20 year old

Z-score - comparison to average age-, race-, and gender-matched peer

Question 17

What does the current evidence say for the effect of statins on BMD?

Answer 17

Statins may have beneficial effects on BMD

Question 18

Locations for DEXA scan

Answer 18

femoral neck, distal 1/3rd of non-dominant hand, lumbar spine

Question 19

What conditions can falsely improve BMD results?

Answer 19

Spinal surgery, DJD, metal implants

Question 20

Normal DEXA

Answer 20

T-score > -1.0

Question 21

Osteopenia DEXA

Answer 21

T-score -1.0 to -2.5

Question 22

Osteoporosis DEXA

Answer 22

T-score < -2.5

Question 23

Severe osteoporosis DEXA

Answer 23

T-score < -2.5 + fragility fracture

Question 24

Echogenicity

Answer 24

How sound is reflected back

Question 25

Hyperechoic

Answer 25

Tissues that appear bright

Question 26

Hypoechoic

Answer 26

Tissues that appear dark

Question 27

Anechogenic

Answer 27

Areas that are completely dark, like a fluid-filled cyst or full bladder