Quiz 1 Flashcards
Histology
- Microscopic anatomy linked to functions – cell biology, physiology, genetics, biochemistry, etc.
2.Study of tissues of the body
Structure, Arrangement,
How structure and arrangement optimize functions specific to each organ
whole mounts
entire organism/structure is placed directly onto a microscope slide;
preserves structural relationships
squash preparations
where cells are intentionally squashed/crushed onto a slide
to reveal their contents; allows counting of cell numbers and individual cell details
smears
cells suspended in a fluid=
(blood, semen, cerebro-spinal fluid);individual cells scraped, brushed or aspirated
from a surface or from within an organ (exfoliative cytology).
“Pap test”
allows counting of cell numbers and individual cell detail
Sections
slices are cut from specimens, mounted on slides, and stained
preserves structural relationships
Axial vs Appendicular
Axial – head, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Appendicular – everything else (arms, legs)
Planes and directions
Median, sagittal (parallel to it), transverse (axial), oblique, coronal (anterior separate posterior),medial (toward median), lateral (away from median), proximal, distal, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal) superior (cranial or rostral ), inferior (caudal), longitudinal (parallel to long axis), horizontal, vertical, peripheral, superficial, deep, external, internal, apical, basal, frontal, basilar
A-P (anterior – posterior) can also refer to superior/inferior direction depending on context
Thoracic skeletal elements
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process [ these 3 make up the sternum] ribs (true (1-7),false (8-10) floating(11-12)) costal cartilage, vertebral body, intervertebral discs
Shoulder Osteology
Clavicle, scapula, coracoid process, superior angle, inferior angle, lateral angle, scapular spine, infraspinous fossa, medial border, supraspinous fossa, acromion
pelvic osteology
Os Coxae (hip bone) – 3 bones, fuse to form the pelvis Intervertebral disc, pubis, ischium, ilium, pubic symphysis, sacrum (fused vertebrae), coccyx
Joint types
Synarthroses (immovable joints) ex. suture (skull only; fibrous tissue is continuous with periosteum) or gomphoses (teeth; ligament is periodontal ligament)
Diarthroses (freely movable; all synovial)
movement at joints has limits due to bones, muscles, ligaments, other tissues
Muscles
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
Connective tissue around muscles
Connective tissue surrounds fibers, bundles, muscles, muscle groups, neurovascular bundles
Connective tissue partitions the body – implications for muscle function, infections, surgery
Endomysium (surround individual fibers), perimysium (surrounds fiber bundles, or fasiculi), epimysium (surrounds entire muscle)
Superficial back muscles
trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, latissimus dorsi; together with serratus posterior these are NOT innervated by dorsal rami, are innervated by ventral rami (part of branchial plexus) except trapezius which is done by cranial nerve
Trapezius
Innervated by spinal accessory nerve; 3 different fiber angles (different movements); elevation, inward rotation of scapula, tilts head towards and rotates head away from unilateral contraction
Levator Scapulae
innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C5), elevates scapula; unilateral contraction- tilts neck to same side
Rhomboid major/minor
innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C5); retracts/ adducts scapula (closer to midline/central point)
Latissimus dorsi
innervated by thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8); adduction, medial rotation of shoulder
Deep Back muscles (paraspinal, intrinsic, epaxial)
All innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves;
Function: postural support, extension of spine/trunk/neck, unilateral contraction (bending and some rotation)
Splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital groups
Splenius
superficial deep back muscles; splenius capitus, splenius cervicis
Erector spinae
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (I Love Sluts)
Transversospinalis
semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus
Suboccipital
Under semispinalis (part of transversospinalis group) rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major,[ medial] obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior [lateral]
suboccipital nerve (C1- dorsal ramus); bilateral (extends head/neck), unilateral (rotates head to same side), EXCEPT OCSM (tilts head to same side, rotates to opposite; cute dog tilting head)
Shoulder muscles
Innervated by brachial plexus; ex. deltoid (innervated by upper and lower subscapular nerve C5-6) subscapularis (inner surface), while these are outer surface (suprascapular nerve; C4-6): infraspinatus, supraspinatus
thorax, deep back muscles (segmental body plan make innervation easy)
Arms, shoulders, superficial back (not segmented)