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Human Form and Function > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are synarthrotic joints found in teeth called

A

Gomphoses

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2
Q

Epimysium surrounds what part of a muscle?

A

Entire muscle

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3
Q

Endomysium surrounds what part of a muscle?

A

Individual fibers

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4
Q

The motor unit consists of what elements?

A

motor neuron, muscle cell

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5
Q

What organelle in muscle cell stores Ca2+

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

When calcium is released from the SR, what transport protein do they move thru?

A

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs)

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7
Q

Calcium is pumped back into the SR via what pump? Is this an active of passive process?

A

SERCA, active

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8
Q

During muscle contraction, what components of the cell actually shorten?

A

H zone and I band

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9
Q

I band consists of what?

A

Actin fibers

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10
Q

A band consists of what?

A

Myosin fibers

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11
Q

What proteins anchor the myosin to the Z disc?

A

Titins

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12
Q

Sarcomere is defined by what boundaries?

A

Z disc to Z disc

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13
Q

Calcium will bind to what protein in order to allow myosin to bind to actin?

A

Troponin

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14
Q

In a relaxed muscle cell, what protein is blocking the binding site of actin/myosin

A

Tropomyosin

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15
Q

After myosin and actin binding, what needs to happen for the power stroke to begin?

A

ATP is hydrolized releasing an inorganic phosophate

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16
Q

During the power stroke, how far do the filaments slide?

A

about 10 nm

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17
Q

After the muscle filaments slide in contraction, what is needed for the muscle to relax?

A

ATP to bind to myosin

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18
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

Action potential infiltrates the muscle via what?

A

Transverse tubules

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20
Q

Intercalated discs are present in what muscle?

A

Cardiac

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21
Q

Intercalated discs link cells together via what?

A

Gap jcts, Desmosomes

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22
Q

T/F: Smooth muscle contains troponin?

A

False

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23
Q

T/F: When calcium levels in smooth muscle decrease, the contracted muscle always relaxes

A

False, cross bridges can remain attached providing sustained contractions with little energy cost

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24
Q

Name the four types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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25
Q

Blood is considered what type of tissue

A

Connective

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26
Q

Name 4 ways we study and examine tissue

A

Whole mounts, squash slides, smear slides, section slides

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27
Q

3 functions of epithelial tissue are what?

A

Protective barrier, Absorption, secretion

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28
Q

T/F: Epithelial tissue is highly vascularized

A

False, typically avascular and relies on diffusion of blood from CT

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29
Q

The apical pole of epithelium faces what?

A

lumen

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30
Q

The basal pole of epithelium faces what?

A

CT

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31
Q

The basement membrane is…

A

a thin sheet of ECM attaching epithelium to CT via hemidesmosomes

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32
Q

The basement membrane is composed of what 3 zones

A

lamina lucida
lamina densa
lamina fibroreticularis

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33
Q

The lamina lucida is composed of what?

A

laminin, entactin, integrins

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34
Q

The lamina densa is composed of what?

A

Collagen IV

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35
Q

Where would you likely find simple squamos epi tissue?

A

lining blood and lymph vessles

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36
Q

where would you most likely find stratified squamos epi tissue?

A

anything that might encounter abrasive forces regularly, ex. skin, attached gingiva, vagina

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37
Q

Simple columnar cells would most likely be found where?

A

mucus secreting and absorptive surfaces, ex. GI tract

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38
Q

Microfilaments are composed of what and have what function?

A

Actin

structural, filopodia, cell shape

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39
Q

Intermediate filaments are composed of what?

A

Vimentin, cytokeratin

Anchors and structural support only - non contractile!

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40
Q

Microtubules are composed of what and have what function?

A

Tubulin

Monorail system, cilia, flagella

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41
Q

Tight junctions include what proteins?

A

Claudin, occludin, JAM

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42
Q

Adhesive junctions - zonula adherins - contain what proteins and where are they located in reference to the cell?

A

Catenins - inside the cell

Cadherins - outside the cell

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43
Q

Cadherins are dependent on what?

A

calcium

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44
Q

Desmosomes attach to what inside the cell?

A

Intermediate filaments

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45
Q

Adhesive Junctions - zonula adherins - attach to what inside the cell?

A

Microfilaments - Actin

46
Q

Hemidesmosomes attach to what inside the cell? To what outside the cell?

A

Inside - intermediate filaments

Outside - basal lamina of basement membrane

47
Q

Gap junctions are composed of a unit made of multiple subunits, what are these and how many are needed to maek one?

A

6 connexins = 1 connexon

48
Q

T/F: Nucleic acids, proteins, and carbs can pass thru gap jcts

A

False, these molecules are too large

49
Q

Gap jcts are best for what purpose?

A

Propagation of electrical signals

50
Q

During epithelial turnover and maintenance, pluripotent progenitor cells complete mitosis where?

A

Basal lamina

51
Q

Connective tissue consists of what components?

A

cells, ECM fibers, ECM ground substance

52
Q

Functions of CT include?

A

Mechanical/structural support, storage of interstitial flui, tissue repair, defense and immune protection

53
Q

Cells always found in CT are what?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells

54
Q

Fibroblasts have what function?

A

ECM production and tissue repair

55
Q

Collagen is a major product of cell from what lineage?

A

mesenchyme

56
Q

Most abundant protein in body?

A

collagen

57
Q

What is an example of a disease associated with collagen deficiency/malfunction?

A

Scurvy - vitamin C is a coenzyme needed for collagen fabrication and scurvy is a result of Vit C deficiency

58
Q

Elastin is a product of what cell

A

Fibroblast

59
Q

Elastin fibers accumulate onto a protein matrix composed of what proteins?

A

Fibrillin 1 and 2

60
Q

What is a disease/disorder associated with compromised elastin?

A

Marfans syndrome - fibrillin 1 mutation

61
Q

What are 4 functions of adipocytes?

A

Store energy
Insulate
Provide cushion for organs
Synthesize hormones

62
Q

CT Ground substance is composed of mainly what two elements?

A

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

63
Q

CT Ground substance has what main function

A

sequesters fluid to provide compressive strength

“keeps squidgy things squidgy”

64
Q

proteoglycans are a product of what cell?>

A

fibroblasts

65
Q

proteoglycans are composed how?

A

protein backbone with glycosoaminoglycan chains (GAGs)

66
Q

What is an important function of proteoglycans?

A

can hold onto growth factors for later use

67
Q

ECM is digested by what cells?

A

fibroblasts and matrix metalloproteins (MMPs)

68
Q

Which CT contains the most cells within?

A

loose CT

69
Q

Humans require what source of energy?

A

chemical

70
Q

Identify the false descrptions:

Prokaryotic cells contain:
No cell wall
membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasmic DNA
Cytoskeleton
80s ribsomes
replicate via binary fission
diversity comes from meiosis/recombo
A

NO membrane bound organelles
NO cytoskelton
70 s ribosomes
diversity comes from mutations

71
Q

Typically most pathogenic bacteria are in what class?

A

Gram negative, contain LPS

72
Q

The most important function of cellular membranes is what?

A

segregation, critical for biochemical rxns

73
Q

The majority of cell membrane components is found where?

A

RER

74
Q

Some characteristics of lipid rafts are what?

A

cholesterol and sphingolipid rich
limit fluidity
anchor for other organelles
signal transduction and endocytosis

75
Q

Name 5 types of endocytosis

A 
Phagocytosis
macropinocytosis
clathrin dependent endocytosis
caveolin dependent endocytosis
clathrin and caveolin independent endocytosis
76
Q

What types of endocytosis are dependent on lipid rafts?

A

caveolin dependent, clathrin and caveolin independent endocytosis

77
Q

Functions of endocytosis?

A

remodel plasma membrane
alter ECM environment
provide nutrients
regulate and amplify signal transduction

78
Q

Clathrin dependent endocytosis is dependent on what protein?

A

Dynamin

79
Q

An early endosome can turn into what 2 organelles?

A

late endosome

recycling endosome

80
Q

microtubule motors include what?

A

Kinesin, Dynein

81
Q

Kinesins travel in what direction

A

anterograde (away from nucleus)

82
Q

Dyneins travel in what direction

A

retrograde (toward nucleus)

83
Q

T/F: Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria

A

False, occurs in cytoplasm

84
Q

Where does citric acid cycle occur>

A

matrix of mito

85
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

Inner membrane of mito

86
Q

RNA polymerase reads in what direction on what DNA strand?

A

3 - 5

template strand

87
Q

RNA leaves the nucleus via what?

A

Nuclear pore complex

88
Q

Human ribosomes are composed of what two subunits?

A

60 s lg unit

40 s sm unit

89
Q

Proteins that remain in cytosol are typically made where?

A

Cytosol

90
Q

Proteins bound for the plasma membrane are typically made where?

A

RER

91
Q

chromatin is dispersed in the nucleus during what stage of the cell cycle?

A

G0 phase, cell cycle arrest phase

92
Q

Gap phase 1 (G1) what happens>

A

cellular contents duplicated (NOT chromosomes)

93
Q

What phase are chromosomes duplicated?

A

S (Synthesis) phase

94
Q

What happens during Gap 2 phase?

A

chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked

95
Q

Mitosis produces what kind of cells?

A

diploid

96
Q

Meiosis produces what kind of cells?

A

haploid

97
Q

What 3 units make up a nucleotide?

A

pentose ring
1-3 phosphate groups
purine/pyrimidine base

98
Q

What are three main functions of nucleic acids?

A

Information transfer
Energy transfer
Signal transduction

99
Q

Primary structure of DNA and RNA consists of what?

A

sequences of nucleotides

100
Q

secondary structure of DNA and RNA consists of what>

A

interactions b/w bases. DNA has a double helix, RNA folds loops, hairpins.

101
Q

Tertiary structure of dna and rna consists of what

A

structural dimensions of atoms; #bps/turn, length of helix turn, handedness

102
Q

quaternary structure of dna consists of what

A

interaction with other molecules, histones, ribosomes, etc. DNA interacts with histone proteins to make chromatin

103
Q

T/F: Nucleic acids can act as energy carriers, coenzymes, and signalling molecules

A

True

104
Q

What are 5 functions of lipids/fatty acids

A 
energy storage
membranes constituents
carry info and signal 
vitamins, cofactors, colorants
surfactants
105
Q

Name three common linker molecules

A

glycerol, sphingosine, glycerophosphate

106
Q

name 3 major membrane lipids

A

phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids

107
Q

How can triglycerides be converted into chemical energy?

A

by undergoing beta oxidation then entering krebbs cycle as acteyl CoA

108
Q

Glycolipids are mostly for what function of the cell?

A

cellular ID,

anchoring proteins to membranes

109
Q

Sterols are what and are located where?

A

membrane fatty acids

110
Q

What are functions of sterols?

A

increase membrane fluidity
reduce permeability
lipid raft components
necessary for endocytosis

111
Q

name three inflammatory lipids

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

112
Q

What enzymes produce inflammatory lipids?

A

COX 1/2

Human Form and Function (5 decks)

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