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MAG > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gestational age

A

Time elapsed since 1st day of LMP

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2
Q

Ovulation age

A

2 weeks from 1st day of LMP

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3
Q

Time frame of “embryo”

A

3-8 weeks

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4
Q

Time frame of “fetus”

A

> 8 weeks

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5
Q

Most sensitive period of gestation for teratogenicity

A

3-8 weeks

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6
Q

How many weeks is full term

A

39-40 weeks

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7
Q

When is a fetus considered viable

A

Week 24

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8
Q

Why does physiologic anemia occur during pregnancy

A

Greater increase in plasma volume (30-50%) compared to RBC mass increase (20-30%)

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9
Q

When is first prenatal visit and what is its purpose

A

6-8 weeks GA;

Date pregnancy

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10
Q

When is the second prenatal visit and what is its purpose

A

15-16 weeks GA;

Quad screen

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11
Q

Who is Rhogam indicated for and when is it given

A

Indicated for Rh- mothers;

Given at 28 weeks GA

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12
Q

When should Group B Strep culture be done

A

35-37 weeks GA

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13
Q

Primitive reflexes in an infant

A

Rooting, sucking, grasping, Moro

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14
Q

Postural reflexes in an infant

A

Head up, parachute, maintain balance

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15
Q

Locomotor reflexes in an infant

A

Crawling, stepping, swimming

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16
Q

What is assimilation in an infant

A

New information being brought into existing scheme

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17
Q

What is accommodation in an infant

A

Modification of old scheme or creating a new one

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18
Q

Are the following stats increasing or decreasing?

Preterm births; LBW infants; Infant mortality rate

A

Decreasing, increasing (particularly ELBW infants), decreasing (bc of ventilators, surfactant, and antenatal steroids)

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19
Q

Common complications of infant of diabetic mothers (IDM)

A

Macrosomia, respiratory distress syndrome (hyperinsulinemia inhibits cortisol = decreases surfactant), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac malformation, lumbar neural tube defect, caudal regression, unilateral renal agenesis/renal vein thrombosis -> polycythemia, hypoglycemia -> seizures

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20
Q

Common complications of extremely premature infant

A

Multi-system failure with prolonged hospital stay ($1.5 million for initial hospitalization);
Intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis

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21
Q

Multiple genes with additive effect that can be influenced by environment

A

Polygenic genes

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22
Q

Genes that have small quantitative effect on level of expression of another gene

A

Modifier genes

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23
Q

Epigenetics: definition and mechanisms

A

Def: transmission of info from cell to descendent without info encoded in nucleotide sequence;
Mechs: X-inactivation, imprinting, DNA methylation, histone/chromatin modification, RNA-modifiers

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24
Q

Different genes at different loci producing same phenotype

A

Genetic (locus) heterogeneity

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25
Q

What increases recurrence risk of multifactorial inheritance?

A

Increased recurrence risk if proband is of the less commonly affected sex

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26
Q

Polygenic condition

A

Offspring tend to be average of parents

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27
Q

Congenital viral pathogens

A

Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, HIV, Herpes, Syphilis (ToRCHHeS)

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28
Q

Path of congenital infections in newborn

A

Stillbirth, congenital malformation, preterm birth, long-term hearing/neurobehavioral disability

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29
Q

Pathogen that causes early onset neonatal sepsis (48-72 hours)

A

GBS, E. coli

30
Q

Pathogen that causes late onset neonatal sepsis (3-7 days)

A

GBS, S. aureus

31
Q

Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis

A

LP to look for meningitis

32
Q

Clinical findings of respiratory distress syndrome

A

Premature baby

33
Q

Radiographic findings in respiratory distress syndrome

A

reticulo-granular pattern (“groundglass”); symmetrical low lung volume

34
Q

Pathophys of respiratory distress syndrome

A

hyaline membranes blocking gas exchange

35
Q

Treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

A

Surfactant

36
Q

Clinical findings of meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Term baby with fluid stained with meconium

37
Q

Radiographic findings in meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Coarse markings, asymmetrical areas of hyperinflation

38
Q

Pathophys of meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Mechanical obstruction, chemical inflammation (acidic), surfactant inactivation -> decreases compliance, decreases alveolar ventilation, increases pulmonary vascular resistance

39
Q

Treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome

A

Suction of trachea

40
Q

Clinical findings in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

A

Term baby; cyanosis from R -> L shunt = severe hypoxia

41
Q

Pathophys of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

A

maladaption (increased pulmonary vascular resistance from hypoxia), maldevelopment (pulmonary vascular bed is abnormal from hypoplasia)

42
Q

Clinical findings of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

Unrelieved by 100% O2

43
Q

Pathophys of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus (persistent), triscuspid atresia, tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous return

44
Q

Radiographic findings in cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

Heart is too big for ribcage

45
Q

Radiographic findings in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Bowel seen above diaphragm

46
Q

Treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Surgical repair once stable

47
Q

Radiographic findings in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

Distortion of pulmonary architecture, cystic space, interstitial fibrosis, hyperinflation, atelectasis

48
Q

Pathophys of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

Prolonged O2 requirement

49
Q

Treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

Gentle ventilation

50
Q

Radiographic findings of surfactant deficiency

A

Diffuse, “ground glass” or finely granular appearance, air bronchograms, hypoventilation

51
Q

When do clinical findings of surfactant deficiency present

A

1st 24 hours after birth

52
Q

Radiographic findings of necrotizing enterocolitis

A

Pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumoperitoneum, portal venous gas

53
Q

Clinical findings of necrotizing enterocolitis

A

Premature, ab distention, increased residuals, blood in stool, apnea, bradycardia, acidosis

54
Q

Grade I germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Caudo-thalamic groove

55
Q

Grade II germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Intraventricular hemorrhage with normal size

56
Q

Grade III germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Intraventricular hemorrhage with dilation

57
Q

Grade IV germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Parenchymal hemorrhage

58
Q

Clinical findings of germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Only occurs in preterm infants (GM is gone by 35 weeks)

59
Q

Risk factors of germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Low birth weight, cyanotic congenital heart dz, prolonged labor, multifetal preg

60
Q

Sequelae of germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cyst formation, periventricular leukomalacia

61
Q

Compared to adults, newborns clear drugs more slowly or quickly? Toddlers? Adolescents?

A

Newborns clear drugs more slowly;
Toddlers clear drugs more rapidly;
Adolescents have a similar drug clearance

62
Q

What are the FDA indications of treating children

A

There are none; must be treated “off label”

63
Q

Maternal causes of preterm labor

A

Severe illness, uteroplacental underperfusion, uterine fundal and cervial abnormalities, UTI/pyelonephritis

64
Q

Placental causes of preterm labor

A

Early rupture of membranes (NOS), infection, vascular thrombotic/bleeding problems

65
Q

Indications for preterm delivery

A

Severe maternal HTN, severe DM, placental abruption, abnormalities of fetal growth

66
Q

Pathophys of respiratory distress syndrome

A

Decreased synthesis, storage, release of surfactant by Type 2 pneumocytes: alveoli collapse easier -> hypoxia -> alveolar damage -> endothelial damage -> hyaline a/w developing PDA, intraventricular hemorrhage, NEC;
Corticosteroids increase surfactant formation;
Insulin decreases surfactant secretion

67
Q

Tx of RDS

A

prophylactic surfactant, glucocorticoids, O2 (but increase risk of retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia)

68
Q

Clinical findings in necrotizing enterocolitis

A

Premature baby, PAF increase enterocyte apoptosis, pneumatosis intestinalis, death

69
Q

Radiograph findings in necrotizing enterocolitis

A

Air trapping

70
Q

Pathophys of germinal matric hemorrhage

A

Intraventricular bleed at anterior horn of lateral ventricle due to vascular bed immaturity

71
Q

Neonatal sepsis

A

Infants

72
Q

Risk factors for neonatal sepsis

A

MAG (1 decks)

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