Quiz 1 Flashcards by Kaleb Zier

Where is skin the thickest and thinnest?

.5 mm tympanic membrane

6 mm soles of feet and palms of hands

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What is the integumentary system composed of?

Skin
Skin Appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous (oil), and sudoriferous (sweat) glands)

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What are the layers of skin?

Epidermis and dermis

-separated by basement membrane

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What are some common features about the epidermis?

Avascular
Derived from embryonic ectoderm
Has a 26-42 day turnover time (every 2 months new epidermis)

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What type of cells make up the epidermis?

Stratified Squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

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What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidium
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
(Come Lets Get Sun Burned)

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This layer of the epidermis is composed of dead keratinized cells that are thin, flat, and anucleated

Stratum Corneum

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What layer of the epidermis is almost non existent in thinner skin?

Stratum Lucidum

also known as the transitional layer

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Which layer of the epidermis is composed of diamond shaped cells containing proteins to help organize keratin filaments and contains active nuclei?

Stratum Granulosum

granulate proteins here

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Which layer of the epidermis contains desmosomes (cell-cell junction), provides adhesion between cells and resists mechanical forces?

Stratum Spinosum

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This is the inner most layer of the epidermis and contains a single layer of mitotically active cells.

Stratum Basale

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How long does it take for cells to go from the stratum basal to the stratum corneum?

14 days to get to corneum

14 days to move through corneum and slough off

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Which type of cells are responsible for skin pigmentation and where are they located?

Melanocytes located in the basal layer of the epidermis

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What is the ratio of melanocytes to other basal cells?

1 melanocyte to 36 basal cells

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What’s the difference between melanocyte and melanosome?

Melanocyte- produces melanin

Melanosome: - organelle in melanocyte that synthesizes, stores, and transports melanin

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What causes the difference in skin color?

Size and number of melanosomes
Distribution of melanosomes
Activity of melanocytes

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What is the BMZ?

Dermal-epidermal junction

-anchors epidermis to dermis

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What layer is affected in blister formation?

Basement Membrane Zone (BMZ)

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What are some general facts about the dermis?

Thickest layer of skin
Vascularized,
innervated,
Primarily populated by fibroblasts (produce collagen)

What are the 2 major proteins in the dermis and how thick is this layer?

Proteins: Collagen & Elastin

Ranges from 2-4 mm in thickness

What are the functions of the dermis?

Nutritional support
Immune surveillance
Wound Healing
Thermal regulation
Hemostasis (stores blood)

What process is mediated by angioblasts?

Vasculogenesis

What is angiogenesis?

Process of forming new vessels from preexisting vessels

What layer of skin is directly below the BMZ and what is its purpose?

Papillary dermis

-contains papillary loops that supply oxygen and nutrients to the overlying epidermis via the BMZ

How does the papillary dermis control interstitial pressure?

Contains lymphatic vessels that regulate resorption of fluid and assist in clearing the tissues of cells, lips, bacteria, proteins, and other degraded substances

What layer former the base of the dermis?

Reticular dermis - has thicker collagen fibers then the papillary dermis but there is no clear separation

How is fluid in the movement of the lymph system partially controlled in the reticular dermis?

Controlled by arterial pulsation, muscle contractions, and body movements

What is the most important portent for healing in the body and gives skin its tensile strength?

Collagen | accounts for 25% of skin's total weight

Which protein in skin allows for recoil and prevents the skin from being permanently reshaped?

Elastin

Name some of the dermal appendages?

``` Hair follicles Sebaceous Glands (oil) Sudoriferous glands (sweat) ```

Which layer is composed of adipose tissue containing subnormal plexus of blood vessels also known as the superficial fascia?

Hypodermis

What are some of the functions of the hypodermis?

``` Attaches dermis to underlying structures Provides insulation for the body Ready reserve of energy Additional cushioning Adds to the mobility of the skin over underlying structures ```

How much blood can be stored in the integumentary system?

1/3 of total blood volume

What are some functions of the integumentary system?

``` Protection Immunity Thermoregulation Sensation Metabolism Communication Vitamin D Synthesis Blood Reservoir ```

How can the integument system protect the body?

- Tough fibroelastic tissue protects against mechanical assaults - Prevents loss of fluids (electrolyte imbalances) - Pigmentation provides UV radiation protection

How does the skin help with immunity?

- Langerhans Cells transport antigens (bacterial interference only, no viral protection) - physical barrier - Has Acidic pH (4-6.8) makes for harsh environment

What are the 2 categories of skin bacterial flora?

Resident - Bacteria normally found on a person | Transient - Bacteria not normally found and usually shed by daily hygienic practices

How does the skin help with thermoregulation?

- Outside barrier - Circulation (dilate to dissipate heat) - Sweating - Releases heat by conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation - Constricts vessels to move blood to underlying body organs (causes goosebumps)

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

Eccrine | Apocrine (in hair follicles, no significant role in thermoregulation)

What are some facts about Eccrine glands?

- Arise from epidermal invagination - Found abundantly on palms and soles - Largely under control of nervous system - Respond to temperature differences and emotional stimulation

How does the skin's sensation help the body?

- Protection from surrounding environment | - Assists with regulatory function (signals sweating, shivering, weight shifts,)

How does the skin function with communication?

- Body image - Non-verbal communication - Show emotion - Expressions

What is the importance of Vit D and where is it synthesized?

Participates in calcium and phosphate metabolism and is important in mineralization of bone. Synthesized in skin

When is Vit D considered and active hormone?

When its been converted to Calcitriol

What type of skin has higher Vitamin D synthesis rates?

Lightly pigmented skin has higher Vit D sythenized then darker skin