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CTO > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gelsolin

A

actin binding protein that breaks actin filament in the middle

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2
Q

integrin

A

actin binding protein that anchor actin to cell membrane or environment of cell (e.g. basement membrane)

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3
Q

Formin

A

actin binding protein - cause filaments to branch

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4
Q

filipodia

A

actin filaments anchored to the terminal web - protrude outward and move the cell

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5
Q

Lamellopodia

A

actin filaments anchored to the terminal web - protrude outward and move the cell

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6
Q

cytochalasins B&D

A

drug that prevent actin filament polymerization

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7
Q

phalloidin

A

mushroom toxin, prevent actin filament depolymerization

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8
Q

Tau

A

microtubule binding protein, organize microtubules. In Alzheimer’s disease, Tau is hyperphosphorylated and forms tangles, protein vesicles, mitochondria can’t be transported effectively - cells die eventually

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9
Q

vinblastine

A

drug that prevent microtubule polymerization

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10
Q

colchicine

A

drug that prevent microtubule polymerization

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11
Q

taxol

A

stabilize microtubule, prevent depolymerization

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12
Q

Keratin

A

intermediate filament in epithelial cells

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13
Q

vimentin

A

intermediate filament in smooth muscle and connective tissue cells

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14
Q

desmin

A

intermediate filament in skeletal muscle cells

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15
Q

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

A

intermediate filament in glia cells

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16
Q

neurofilaments

A

intermediate filament in neurons

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17
Q

Lamins

A

intermediate filaments in the nucleus; make up lamina, which line the inner surface of the nuclear membrane; bind to membrane proteins and chromatin; phosphorylated during pro-metaphase causes fast disassembly of the nuclear membrane (dephosphorylation of lamin allows fast assembly of the nuclear membrane)

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18
Q

caveolin

A

membrane protein important for clathrin independent pinocytosis; indent the cell membrane when multiple ones are together

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19
Q

dynamin

A

enzyme(GTPase) that close neck of endocytosis vesicles (both receptor dependent and receptor independent endocytosis)

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20
Q

Adaptin (AP-2)

A

bind to intracellular domain of receptors, clathrin attach to the other end (receptor mediated endocytosis)

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21
Q

SNARE protein

A

important in docking endocytosis vesicles to the ER

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22
Q

Rab5

A

label vesicle for transit through the endosomal pathway - bind tethering proteins

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23
Q

List ligands that enter cell through receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH);
Growth Factors; Lymphokines (interleukins, CSF, TNF, interferon); Nutrients (transferrin; LDL)

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24
Q

Multi-Vesicular Bodies (MVB)

A

vesicles are transported as multivesicular bodies to late endosome, which then fuse with lysosome; often MVB = late endosome; heterogeneous appearance (while lysosome is rather homogeneous)

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25
Q

Hydrolase

A

enzyme in late endosome and lysosomes, function at pH~5, break down everything

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26
Q

pseudopodia

A

reorganization of actin filaments during phsgocytosis to engulf the particle

27
Q

lypofusin

A

byproducts in lysosomes that can’t be recycled (e.g. pigments)

28
Q

Thermogenin

A

mitochondria inner membrane protein - a shunt that dissipate energy without producing ATP

29
Q

MERRF (myocolonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) is due to?

A

defect in mitochontrial gene

30
Q

E site, P site, A site on large ribosomal subunit stand for?

A

E- exit
P- peptidyl tRNA site
A- amino-acyl tRNA site

31
Q

SRP proteins

A

recognize ER signal sequence and direct ribosome-protein complex to the ER membrane

32
Q

chaperons

A

encourage proper folding of proteins; compete with proteosomes for access to mis-folded proteins

33
Q

Function of Smooth ER

A

(1) Synthesize lipids, steroid
(2) Store Ca
(3) drug detoxification (cytochrome P450)

34
Q

How do smooth ER get lipids to the cell membrane

A

vesicular transport
Diffusion through the ER
Transport proteins (phospholipid transporting proteins)

35
Q

Functions of the peroxisome

A

(1) beta-oxidation of fatty acids
(2) detoxification of ethanol and drugs
(3) involved in plasmalogen synthesis (important component of myelin sheath)
* oxidation of substrates -> generate peroxide (H2O2)

36
Q

perinuclear space

A

space between the two layers of nuclear membrane

37
Q

Importin

A

recognize nuclear localization signals, interact with proteins within the nuclear pore

38
Q

fibrillar center of the nucleolus

A

rDNA is not being transcribed here

39
Q

Dense fibrillar zone of the nucleolus

A

rDNA being transcribed

40
Q

Granular zone of the nucleolus

A

ribosomal packaging and processing

41
Q

Steps of DNA packaging

A

(1) double helix wrap around histone proteins -> nucleosomes
(2) solenoids
(3) chromatins
(4) chromosomes

42
Q

centrocomes

A

made of 2 centrioles (9 triplets of microtubules)

43
Q

Terminal Differentiation (Gtd) in cell cycle

A

cell division ceases for good

44
Q

Quiescent (G0)

A

when cells leave the cell cycle during G1, but is capable of returning to it

45
Q

Karyokinesis

A

division of the nucleus

46
Q

Centromere

A

area on metaphase chromosome where kinetochore proteins attach to, also where sister chromatids attach to each other. Include the chromosome around the area and the kinetochore proteins

47
Q

condensin

A

increase DNA coiling, interact with solenoid to form chromatins

48
Q

cohesin

A

bind sister chromatids together

49
Q

cyclin, CDK (cyclin dependent kinase)

A

control cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M); cyclins are present in the cell only at certain times, activate CDK

50
Q

3 types of microtubule arrangements during mitosis

A

(1) astral microtubules -> radiate towards the periphery from the spindle pole (Dynein pull)
(2) polar microtubules -> overlap with microtubules from opposite spindle pole (Kinesin push)
(3) kinetochore microtubules -> attach to kinetochore proteins

51
Q

Kinetochore protein

A

attache to kinetochore microtubules; hydrolyse GTP to cause shortening (disassembly) of microtubules

52
Q

APC (anaphase promoting complex)

A

an enzyme activated just before anaphase, that cause breakdown of cohesin thereby the separation of sister chromatids

53
Q

Rb (retinoblastoma)

A

abundant in the nucleus, block DNA synthesis in not in favorable environments, targeted by G1/S CDK to initiate DNA replication

54
Q

p53

A

monitors DNA damage (work during the G1 phase); activated when cell stress increase, or when damaged DNA is present; activated p53 prevent cell from entering S phase, and can initiate apoptosis

55
Q

Caspases

A

common pathway to apoptosis (programmed cell death)

56
Q

Bcl2 (B cell lymphoma 2 gene)

A

anti apoptotic; high levels of Bcl2 may prevent cancer cells from apoptosis and thereby cause cancer

57
Q

flagella

A

special cilia, found in spermatozoa (9+2 structure); surrounded by mitochondria

58
Q

Cadheren

A

Binding to Ca2+ induce binding to each other; form adherent junctions between cells -> attach to anchoring proteins which in turn bind to actin filaments inside cells ; also form desmosomes -> attache to anchoring proteins, which bind to intermediate filaments

59
Q

gap junctions are made of

A

connexons (6 connexin -> 1 connexon)

60
Q

Laminin

A

protein in the basement membrane; (lamin - intermediate filament in the nucleus)

61
Q

Metaplasia

A

cells adapt to change in environment by differentiating into a different cell type; predispose ells to become cnacerousreversible process if stress is removed;

62
Q

fibrillin

A

glycoprotein that from a sheath around elastin in elastic fibers; (don’t be confused with fibronectin which are structural glycoproteins in the basement membrane)

63
Q

Langerhan cells

A

macrophages in the skin

CTO (1 decks)

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